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Chemistry A Level Organic > chapter 26 > Flashcards

chapter 26 Flashcards

chapter 26: carbonyl compounds

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1
Q

what is an aldehyde functional group group

A

written as CHO H-C=0

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2
Q

what is a ketone functional group

A

written as CO C=O

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3
Q

How to turn aldehydes into carboxylic acids

A

add potassium dichromate and heat under reflux

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4
Q

Is the C=O bond polar

A

Yes it is polar as oxygen is more electronegative then carbon

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5
Q

what do C=O bonds tend to react with (electrophile or nucleophile )

A

They tend to react with nucleophiles they tend to “attack” the carbon atom

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6
Q

What does reacting an aldehyde with NaBH4 get you in an aqueous solution

A

you obtain an alcahol

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7
Q

Is NaBH4 acting as a reducing agent when reacting it with an aldehyde

A

yes

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8
Q

how can a reducing agent be represented

A

with the symbol [H]

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9
Q

how to produce a secondary alcahol from a ketone

A

Add NaBH4

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10
Q

What would be produced when a carbonyl compound reacts with HCN in the Prescence of H2SO4

A

A hydroxynitrile for example if H3CCH2CHO reacted with HCN then H3CCH2CHOHCN will be formed

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11
Q

mechanism for reacting NaBH4 with with a ketone or aldehyde

A

:H- attacks back of carbon
delta positive carbon
arrow from middle of = bond
to delta negative oxygen
draw arrow from lone pair on negative oxygen to delta positive hydrogen in water
draw arrow from middle of - bond to delta negative oxygen
delta positive hydrogen
will produce:
alcahol and OH negative

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12
Q

Mechanism for NaCN with a ketone or an aldehyde

A

:CN negative attacks back of delta positive carbon
arrow from middle of C=O bond to delta negative O
breaks double bond and makes it a single bond O:- forms
draw arrow from :O- to H+ should get a hydroxy nitrile

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13
Q

How to detect carbonyl compounds

A

Add 2,4 DNP (Bradys reagent) to a solution yellow orange precipitate forms

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14
Q

What is 2,4 DNP usually dissolved in to make it safe for use

A

sulfuric acid as friction could cause it to blow up

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15
Q

How to test between aldehyde and ketone

A

Add Tollens reagent a silver mirror will appear

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16
Q

Write the ionic equations for tollens reagent

A

Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s)
ketone + [O] = carboxylic acid

17
Q

what ais the carboxyl group

A

mixture of carbonyl and hydroxyl (carboxylic acid )

18
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

yes

19
Q

What is an acyl chloride

A

an acyl chloride has a C=O bond but there is also a chlorine on that carbon atom

20
Q

How to name acyl chlorides

A

Take parent carboxylic and replace ending with -oyl chloride

21
Q

what is an acid anhydride

A

an acid anhydride has 2 C=O bonds linked together with an oxygen atom and then 2 r groups on each carbon atom respectively

22
Q

What does a carboxylic acid and an alcahol reacting together make

A

an ester and water

23
Q

Name the products and reagents for for acid hydrolysis

A

ester heated with a dilute (aq) acid will create a carboxylic acid and an alcahol as H20 breaks down the ester

ester + H2O = alcahol + carboxylic acid

24
Q

Name the products and reagents of alkaline hydrolysis

A

Irreversible
Ester goes to ethanoate ion(Na-O-C=O)
+ an alcohol

25
Q

How to form ester from Acyl chloride

A

add acyl chloride with alcohol to form ester + HCL

26
Q

How to form ester from Acyl chloride + phenol

A

add acyl chloride and a phenol to create a phenyl ester and HCl

27
Q

why create an ester with phenol from an acyl chloride and not a carboxylic acid

A

A phenol is not reactive enough to form an ester with a carboxylic acid

28
Q

Reactants and products of creating a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride.

A

acyl chloride + water = carboxylic acid + HCl

29
Q

How to make a primary amide from an acyl chloride reactants and products

A

acyl chloride + 2NH3(ammonia) = primary amide (sub OH with NH2 ) + NH4Cl

30
Q
A

Chemistry A Level Organic (4 decks)

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