Chapter 26 Flashcards by Midnight Jay

A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

Systematics

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It is a species where it resembles a snake but related to lizard

Scaly foot (Pygopus lepidopodus)

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the study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development

Phylogeny

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the science of naming, describing, identifying, nomenclature and classifying organisms

Taxonomy

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Step by step way of naming organism according to international code of botanical nomenclature

DINC
Description
Identification
Nomenclature
Classification

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Convey meaning in casual usage but they can also cause confusion
Such as monkey, fish

Common names

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Two part format of the scientific name.
Instituted by carolus linnaeus

Binomial

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What is binomial naming ?

Is a naming of species that includes genus and species which is in latin name.

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Plural genus

Genera

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Taxonomic name of each taxonomic rank of leopard

Kingdom - animalia
Phylum - chordata
Class - mammalia
Order - carnivora
Family - felidae
Genus - panthera
Species - pardus

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Taxonomic name of each taxonomic levels of human

Kingdom - animalia
Phylum - chordata
Class- mammalia
Order : primates
Family- hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - sapiens

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Who invented linnnaean classification

Carolus linnaeus

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Hierarchy of increasing inclusive categories

Taxonomic ranks

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Named taxonomic unit at any level of the heirarchy

Taxon (plural : taxa)

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hierarchical method (developed by Linnaeus) for naming organisms in which each individual is assigned to a species, genus, family, order, class

Linnaean classification

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Evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in branching diagrams is called

Phylogenetic tree

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Classification based entirely on evolutionary relationships.
Ex. Common ancestor and all it’s descendants

PhyloCode

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Represents a divergence in two evolutionary lineages from common ancestor

Branch point

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Groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor

Sister taxa

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It is ___ when a branch point within a tree (often drawn farthest to the left) represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the phylogenetic tree.

Rooted

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Refers to a lineage that diverge early in the history of a group

Basal taxon

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A branch point in which more than two descendants emerge

Polytomy

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Phenotypic and shared similarities due to shared ancestry are called

Homologies

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Example of homology

Forelimbs of humans, bird,whales , dog and crocodile all derived from tetrapods

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Another example of homology but diff phenotypic expression

Silversword plant

Convergent evolution produces

Analogy between organism

Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produces similar( analogous) adaptations of organism from different evolutionary lineages

Convergent evolution

Example of analogous

1. Marsupial Australian mole and eutherian north american mole 2. Shark fin, penguin wing, and dolphin flipper

Analogous structure is also called

Homoplasies

Similar sequence of nucleotides are considered is called

Homologies /related

There is an insertion and deletion of nucleotides sequence between two genes is called or considered

Distantly related

Discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships

Molecular systematics

Common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

Cladistics

a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Clades

Consist of ancestral species and all of it's descendants (single tribe)

Monophyletic

Consist of ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants (beside tribe)

Paraphyletic

Includes taxa with different ancestor (Many tribes)

Polyphyletic

A character that originates in an ancestor of the taxon Ex. Backbone if mammals

Shared ancestral character

Evolutionary novelty unique to a clade. A character that is hsared but not found in their ancestor

Shared derived character

O denotes that a character is absent whereas 2 denotes that a character is present.

Character table

Time can be represented in phylogenetic tree using analyzing

Fossil data

Investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with facts The most parsimonious requires few evolutionary event

Maximum parsimony

Principle that states that certain probability rules about how DNA sequences change overtime, a tree can be found the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

Maximum likelihood

Species or group of species from evolutionary lineage that i known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying. Like basal taxon

Outgroup

The species we are studying in a phylogenetic tree

Ingroup

It is hypothesize that crocodiles and birds shared common ancestor. What is their ancestor

Tetrapods Oviraptor dinosaur fossils showed evidence of brooding an egg

Uses of molecular systematics

Helps us uncover evolutionary relationships between groups that have little common ground for morphological comparison. Such as animals and fungi

What RNA can be used to study evolution that occur hundreds of millions years ago?why?

rRNA, because it changes relatively slow

What type of RNA can be used to explore recent evolutionary changes?

rtRNA, because it evolves rapidly

Group of related genes within an organism genome

Gene families

Two types of homologous genes

Orthologous genes & paralogous genes

Genes that are those found in diff species and their divergence traces back to the speciation event that produce the species.

Orthologous genes

A type of homologous gene that the Homology results from gene duplication, hence, multiple copy of this genes have diverge from one another within species.

Paralogous genes

A yardstick for measuring the absolute time if evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other region of genome appear to evolve at constant rates.

Molecular clock

Neutral theory

What are the three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya

Domains that contains mostly of the known prokaryotes including the bacteria closely related to chloroplast and mitochondria.

Bacteria

Domain that can use hydrogen as energy source, and others were the chief source of natural gas depot's that are found throughout the Earth's crust.

Archaea

Domain that consist of organism that have cells containing true nuclei. Includes unicellular and multicellular organisms

Eukarya

Organism under eukarya

Euglena trypanosomes leishamania Ciliates Diatoms Dinoflagellates Forams Red algae Land plants Green algae Amoebas slime molds Animals Fungi Plants

Organism under bacteria

Green nonsulfur bacteria Mitochondria Spirochetes Chlamydia Green sulfur bacteria Cyanobacteria Plastids (include cholorplast)

Organism including archaea

Sulfolobos Thermophiles Halophiles Methanobacterium