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Systematics > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

A

Systematics

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2
Q

It is a species where it resembles a snake but related to lizard

A

Scaly foot (Pygopus lepidopodus)

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3
Q

the study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development

A

Phylogeny

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4
Q

the science of naming, describing, identifying, nomenclature and classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

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5
Q

Step by step way of naming organism according to international code of botanical nomenclature

A

DINC
Description
Identification
Nomenclature
Classification

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6
Q

Convey meaning in casual usage but they can also cause confusion
Such as monkey, fish

A

Common names

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7
Q

Two part format of the scientific name.
Instituted by carolus linnaeus

A

Binomial

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8
Q

What is binomial naming ?

A

Is a naming of species that includes genus and species which is in latin name.

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9
Q

Plural genus

A

Genera

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10
Q

Taxonomic name of each taxonomic rank of leopard

A

Kingdom - animalia
Phylum - chordata
Class - mammalia
Order - carnivora
Family - felidae
Genus - panthera
Species - pardus

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11
Q

Taxonomic name of each taxonomic levels of human

A

Kingdom - animalia
Phylum - chordata
Class- mammalia
Order : primates
Family- hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - sapiens

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12
Q

Who invented linnnaean classification

A

Carolus linnaeus

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13
Q

Hierarchy of increasing inclusive categories

A

Taxonomic ranks

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14
Q

Named taxonomic unit at any level of the heirarchy

A

Taxon (plural : taxa)

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15
Q

hierarchical method (developed by Linnaeus) for naming organisms in which each individual is assigned to a species, genus, family, order, class

A

Linnaean classification

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16
Q

Evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in branching diagrams is called

A

Phylogenetic tree

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17
Q

Classification based entirely on evolutionary relationships.
Ex. Common ancestor and all it’s descendants

A

PhyloCode

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18
Q

Represents a divergence in two evolutionary lineages from common ancestor

A

Branch point

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19
Q

Groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor

A

Sister taxa

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20
Q

It is ___ when a branch point within a tree (often drawn farthest to the left) represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the phylogenetic tree.

A

Rooted

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21
Q

Refers to a lineage that diverge early in the history of a group

A

Basal taxon

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22
Q

A branch point in which more than two descendants emerge

A

Polytomy

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23
Q

Phenotypic and shared similarities due to shared ancestry are called

A

Homologies

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24
Q

Example of homology

A

Forelimbs of humans, bird,whales , dog and crocodile all derived from tetrapods

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25
Q

Another example of homology but diff phenotypic expression

A

Silversword plant

26
Q

Convergent evolution produces

A

Analogy between organism

27
Q

Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produces similar( analogous) adaptations of organism from different evolutionary lineages

A

Convergent evolution

28
Q

Example of analogous

A
  1. Marsupial Australian mole and eutherian north american mole
  2. Shark fin, penguin wing, and dolphin flipper
29
Q

Analogous structure is also called

A

Homoplasies

30
Q

Similar sequence of nucleotides are considered is called

A

Homologies /related

31
Q

There is an insertion and deletion of nucleotides sequence between two genes is called or considered

A

Distantly related

32
Q

Discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships

A

Molecular systematics

33
Q

Common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

A

Cladistics

34
Q

a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

A

Clades

35
Q

Consist of ancestral species and all of it’s descendants (single tribe)

A

Monophyletic

36
Q

Consist of ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants (beside tribe)

A

Paraphyletic

37
Q

Includes taxa with different ancestor
(Many tribes)

A

Polyphyletic

38
Q

A character that originates in an ancestor of the taxon
Ex. Backbone if mammals

A

Shared ancestral character

39
Q

Evolutionary novelty unique to a clade.
A character that is hsared but not found in their ancestor

A

Shared derived character

40
Q

O denotes that a character is absent whereas 2 denotes that a character is present.

A

Character table

41
Q

Time can be represented in phylogenetic tree using analyzing

A

Fossil data

42
Q

Investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with facts
The most parsimonious requires few evolutionary event

A

Maximum parsimony

43
Q

Principle that states that certain probability rules about how DNA sequences change overtime, a tree can be found the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

A

Maximum likelihood

44
Q

Species or group of species from evolutionary lineage that i known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying.

Like basal taxon

A

Outgroup

45
Q

The species we are studying in a phylogenetic tree

A

Ingroup

46
Q

It is hypothesize that crocodiles and birds shared common ancestor.
What is their ancestor

A

Tetrapods
Oviraptor dinosaur fossils showed evidence of brooding an egg

47
Q

Uses of molecular systematics

A

Helps us uncover evolutionary relationships between groups that have little common ground for morphological comparison.
Such as animals and fungi

48
Q

What RNA can be used to study evolution that occur hundreds of millions years ago?why?

A

rRNA, because it changes relatively slow

49
Q

What type of RNA can be used to explore recent evolutionary changes?

A

rtRNA, because it evolves rapidly

50
Q

Group of related genes within an organism genome

A

Gene families

51
Q

Two types of homologous genes

A

Orthologous genes & paralogous genes

52
Q

Genes that are those found in diff species and their divergence traces back to the speciation event that produce the species.

A

Orthologous genes

53
Q

A type of homologous gene that the Homology results from gene duplication, hence, multiple copy of this genes have diverge from one another within species.

A

Paralogous genes

54
Q

A yardstick for measuring the absolute time if evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other region of genome appear to evolve at constant rates.

A

Molecular clock

55
Q

Search

A

Neutral theory

56
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya

57
Q

Domains that contains mostly of the known prokaryotes including the bacteria closely related to chloroplast and mitochondria.

A

Bacteria

58
Q

Domain that can use hydrogen as energy source, and others were the chief source of natural gas depot’s that are found throughout the Earth’s crust.

A

Archaea

59
Q

Domain that consist of organism that have cells containing true nuclei. Includes unicellular and multicellular organisms

A

Eukarya

60
Q

Organism under eukarya

A

Euglena trypanosomes leishamania

Ciliates Diatoms Dinoflagellates

Forams

Red algae Land plants Green algae

Amoebas slime molds

Animals
Fungi
Plants

61
Q

Organism under bacteria

A

Green nonsulfur bacteria

Mitochondria

Spirochetes Chlamydia
Green sulfur bacteria

Cyanobacteria Plastids (include cholorplast)

62
Q

Organism including archaea

A

Sulfolobos

Thermophiles

Halophiles

Methanobacterium

Systematics (3 decks)

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