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Pediatrics (Summer 2019) > CHAPTER 25 NEONATAL HEAD COPY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 25 NEONATAL HEAD COPY Flashcards

1
Q

congenital blockage of the aqueduct connecting the third and fourth ventricles, which causes their dilatation

A

aqueductal stenosis

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2
Q

severe hypoxia, or inadequate oxygenation

A

asphyxia

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3
Q

the ventricle is measured at this site (anterior, occipital, and temporal horn junction) on the axial view

A

atrium (trigone) of the lateral ventricles

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4
Q

transducer is placed above the ear (above the canthomeatal line)

A

axial plane

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5
Q

part of the brain connecting the forebrain and the spinal cord; consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brain stem

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6
Q

area of the brain that forms the lateral borders of the anterior horns, anterior to the thalamus

A

caudate nucleus

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7
Q

prominent structure best seen in the midline filled with cerebrospinal fluid in the premature infant

A

cavum septum pellucidum

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8
Q

area of the brain that lies posterior to the brain stem below the tentorium

A

cerebellum

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9
Q

largest part of the brain consisting of two equal hemispheres

A

cerebrum

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10
Q

congenital defect in which the cerebellum and brain stem are pulled toward the spinal cord (banana sign); frontal bossing or “lemon head” is also evident on ultrasound

A

Chiari malformation

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11
Q

echogenic cluster of cells important in the production of cerebrospinal fluid that lies along the atrium of the lateral ventricles

A

choroid plexus

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12
Q

reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid

A

cistern

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13
Q

transducer is perpendicular to the anterior fontanelle in the coronal axis of the head

A

coronal plane

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14
Q

prominent group of nerve fibers that connect the right and left sides of the brain; found superior to the third ventricle

A

corpus callosum

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15
Q

abnormal development of the fourth ventricle, often accompanied by hydrocephalus

A

Dandy-Walker malformation

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16
Q

treatment for infants with severe respiratory failure who have not responded to maximal conventional ventilatory support

A

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

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17
Q

echogenic fibrous structure (portion of the dura mater) that separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri (interhemispheric fissure)

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18
Q

soft space between the bones; the space is usually large enough to accommodate the ultrasound transducer until the age of 12 months

A

fontanelle

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19
Q

fragile periventricular tissue (includes the caudate nucleus) that easily bleeds in the premature infant

A

germinal matrix

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20
Q

congenital defect characterized by abnormal single ventricular cavity with some form of thalami fusion; caused by an extra chromosome, the prosencephalon fails to divide into hemispheres during embryonic development

A

holoprosencephaly

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21
Q

ventriculomegaly in the neonate; abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid with the cerebral ventricles, resulting in compression and frequently destruction of brain tissue

A

hydrocephalus

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22
Q

decreased oxygen in the body

A

hypoxia

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23
Q

three membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

24
Q

infant during the early newborn period

A

neonate

25
Q

echogenic white matter necrosis (WMN) best seen in the posterior aspect of the brain or adjacent to the ventricular structures

A

periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)

26
Q

perpendicular to the coronal plane with the transducer in the anterior fontanelle

A

sagittal plane

27
Q

fragile area beneath the ependyma that is subject to bleeding in the premature neonate; site of hemorrhage for the germinal matrix

A

subependyma

28
Q

cyst that occurs at the site of a previous bleed in the germinal matrix

A

subependymal cyst

29
Q

groove on the surface of the brain that separates the gyri

A

sulcus

30
Q

echogenic V-shaped “tent” structure in the posterior fossa that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

tentorium cerebelli

31
Q

the region at which the thalamus and caudate nucleus join; the most common location of germinal matrix hemorrhage

A

thalamic-caudate groove or notch

32
Q

two ovoid brain structures located midbrain, situated on either side of the third ventricle superior to the brain stem

A

thalamus

33
Q

see atrium (trigone) of the lateral ventricles

A

trigone

34
Q

inflammation or infection of the ventricles, which appears as echogenic linear structures along the gyri; may also appear as focal echogenic structures within the white matter

A

ventriculitis

35
Q

What does IVH stand for?

A

Intraventricular hemorrhage

36
Q

Infants less than ___ weeks gestation or 1500 grams are at a higher risk for IVH bleeds

A

32 weeks gestation age

37
Q

Who is susceptible to IVH?

A

Infants <32 weeks, forcep delivery, seizures, resuscitation, increased HC or bulging fontanelle, anemia and ECMO patients

38
Q

What does ECMO stand for?

A

extracorpural membrane oxygenation (deficiency in oxygen in heart)

39
Q

ECMO patients need to be scanned every day.

T/F

A

True

40
Q

What is the baby’s soft spot called?

A

Anterior fontanelle

41
Q

In coronal, we are scanning anterior -posterior and have the transducer notch towards baby’s right side.

T/F

A

TRUE

42
Q

In Sagitaal, the notch should be pointing anteriorly to baby’s face and scan midline, right and left.

T/F

A

True

43
Q

The anterior fontanelle (soft spot) begins to close at ___ months and is completely closed at ____ months

A

9

12

44
Q

small place below the horns of the lateral ventricle and is common in bleeds

A

Caudate nucleus

45
Q

echogenic line anterior to temporal lobe

A

sylvian fissure

46
Q

echogenic—looks like christmas tree!

A

tentorium

47
Q

Bleeds often happen in the space where caudate nucleus, germinal matrix, and caudothalmic grove meet anterior to the thalmus

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True.

48
Q

The _____ view is helpful in diagnosing Dandy Walker

A

The Mastoid View

49
Q

Dilated 3rd and 4th ventricle, hydrocephalus, absent vermis, and retrocerebellar CSF collection

What could this indicate?

A

Dandy Walker Malformation.

50
Q

Hypoxis lesion of the white matter that first presents as echogenic areas

What is the study of choice?

US or MRI

A

Periventricular leukomalacia

MRI

51
Q

Alobar holoprosencephaly is ____ division

A

no

52
Q

Semilobar holoprosencephaly is ____ division

A

some

53
Q

Lobar Holoproscencephaly is complete ventricle divison but areas where cortex is not fully separated?

What is the study of choice?
US or MRI

A

Lobar

MRI

54
Q

__________ is when there is nothing to hold everything in and there is a common large central ventricle when forebrain does not fully divide. Agenesis of corpus callosum and facial defects such as cyclopia and cleft lip

A

Holoprosencephaly

55
Q

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum is associated with the following:

A 
Arnold Chiari
Holoprosencephaly
Trisomy 18
Dandy Walker
CNS Abnormalities

Pediatrics (Summer 2019) (5 decks)

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