Chapter 2.5 - Concepts of Psychology Flashcards
What is biological psychology?
(Behavioural neuroscience)
How the brain, nervous system hormones and genetics influence behaviour
Branches of Psychology:
Biological, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, humanism, cognitive psychology
What is functionalism?
Founded by William James
Mental characteristics had been developed to allow people to survive by solving problems
What is psychoanalysis?
Founded by Sigmund Freud
Getting patients to talk about their background, feelings and experiences with a psychologist
What is behaviourism?
Founded by John Watson
Developed by B.F. Skinner
Believed that responses are result of environmental stimuli, study of how people react to the environment
What is humanism?
Influenced by Abraham Maslow
Believed that humans are good and focused on the human potential
What is cognitive psychology?
Study of mental processes involved in memory, learning and thinking
What is the ID?
(Devil)
Unconscious mind, composed of instincts for negative impulses and/or desires, present at birth
Example of the ID:
I want to skip school and play video games
What is the superego?
(Angel)
Unconscious mind, provides appropriate responses to negative impulses, represents conscience and rules of society, last system to develop
Example of Superego:
It is wrong to skip school
What is the Ego?
(Ref)
Conscious mind, emerges after birth as we learn from experience
Example of the ego:
There might be a quiz in science, if I skip, I’ll get a zero
What is Freud’s stages of development?
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is mostly established by the age of 5. Experiences play a large role in personality development and influence behaviour
What are the 5 stages of Freud’s stages of development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
What is the oral stage?
Sucking, biting, eating. Ages: birth to 12-18 months (driven by the ID)
What is the anal stag?
Expelling and withholding body waste. Ages: 12-18 months (ego starts to develop)
What is the phallic stage?
Interest in genitals. Ages: 3-5/6 years (helps with superego and knowing right from wrong)
What is the latency stage?
Sexual concerns are largely unimportant. Ages: 5/6-adolescence (all things wrong in childhood turned into real personality)
What is the genital stage?
Re-emergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature/sexual relationships. Ages: adolescence-adulthood (ego/superego are fully developed)
What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s development theory?
Trust VS Mistrust Autonomy VS Doubt/Shame Initiative VS Guilt Industry VS inferiority Identity VS Role Confusion Intimacy VS Isolation Generality VS Stagnation Ego Integrity VS Despair
What is the sleep cycle?
4 stages and REM sleep
What is stage 1 of the sleep cycle?
5-10 mins
Transition from awake to asleep
What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?
20 mins
Body temp. and Heart rate decrease
Light sleep
What is stage 3 of the sleep cycle?
Transitional stage
Light –> heavy sleep
What is stage 4 of the sleep cycle?
30 mins
Deep sleep
Sleep walking/talking would occur
What is REM sleep?
(Rapid Eye Movement)
Dreaming
Body is paralyzed to not act out dreams
What is a Neurotic Disorder?
Usually react with fear and dread to situations others consider non-threatening
May encounter difficulty in life
Able to manage daily affairs
Example: OCD
What is a psychotic disorder?
Often lose touch with real world
Experience delusions and hallucinations
Example: Schizophrenia
What is Schizophrenia?
Affects the way you understand and interact with the world around you
What is OCD?
Disorder of the brain and behaviour causes severe anxiety. Involves obsessions as compulsions
What is PTSD?
Caused by stress, traumatic experience can cause panic around things that “triggered it”
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Affects mood
What is DPP (Multiple Personality Disorder)?
An individual displays severL functionally dissociated personalities
What is perception?
The way we make sense of our senses
Process by which we receive and interpret info
What is selective attention?
We only focus on a limited lart of what we sense
What affects perception?
- ) Influenced to receive and process stimuli from environment
- Receptors
- The Brain
- ) Perception reflects our emotions, needs, expectations and learning
- Early Experience
- Cultures
- Emotions
- Environment
What is sensorimotor?
Age: 0-2
Learn by touching
Egocentric
Lack of ability to see an object
What is Pre-operational?
Age: 2-7 Develop object permanence Imaginative play Language ability increase Animistic thinking Difficulty with reversibility
What is concrete operational?
Age: 7-11
Thought process becomes competent
Understand reversibility
What is formal operational?
Age: 11+
Apply logical rules to solutions
Carry out ‘complex deductions’
What is classical conditionin?
Unlearned response
Unlearned stimulus
Learned stimulus
Learned response
Example of classical conditioning:
Training a dog to salivate when they hear a bell by the following way: BEFORE CONDITIONING: Food (unlearned stimulus) Salivation (unlearned response) Bell (no response) DURING CONDITIONING: Bell+food (unlearned stimulus) Salivation (unlearned response) AFTER CONDITIONING: Bell (learned stimulus) Salivation (learned response)
What are the 3 types of perception?
Detection, recognition, discrimination
What is detection?
Whether people can sense what they are being stimulated by something
What is recognition?
Identity as well as detect a pattern of stimulation from another
What is discrimination?
Perceiving one pattern of stimulation from another
What is operant conditioning?
Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour
Reinforcement?
Strengthens or increases the behaviour it follows
What is punishment?
An outcome that weakens or decreases behaviour it follows
What is positive reinforcement?
(Sometimes like bribery)
Presenting a pleasant stimulus to INCREASE the frequency of the DESIRED behaviour
Example of positive reinforcement:
Child cleans their room, rewarded with TV privileges
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing a stimulus to any event that INCREASES the frequency of the DESIRED behaviour
Example of negative reinforcement:
Child won’t have to do chores if they eat their veggies
What is positive punishment?
Presenting a stimulus to any event that DECREASES the frequency of the UNDESIRED behaviour
Example of positive punishment:
Parents yell at your for teasing sibling
What is negative punishment?
Removing a stimulus to any event that DECREASES the frequency of the UNDESIRED behaviour
Example of negative punishment:
Taking away a child’s toy for misbehaving
What is memory?
The capacity to acquire, retain and recall knowledge and skills
What are the 3 types of memory?
Episodic, semantic, procedural
What is episodic memory?
Ability to remember events from the past
What is semantic memory?
Knowledge of how the world works
What is procedural memory?
How to accomplish things
What are the 3 levels of memory?
Sensory, short-term, long-term
What is sensory memory?
Receives info through each of the senses
Allows you to hold onto info long enough to record what is necessary
Allows you to select what you think should be retained from all sensory info you receive
What is short-term memory?
Retention of info for short periods of time (conscious mind)
Holds info up to 15-20 secs
If paying attention, may be stored in long-term, of not, may be discarded
Can store up to 7 unorganized items
Most common way to store is by sound or mental pic
What is long-term memory?
Retention of info for long periods of time (conscious and unconscious mind)
Important items
Retains as much info as we want for as long as we want
May not always recall everything
Easier to access if recalled regularly, organized and relate to other info
What is the memory process?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
What is encoding?
The process of info into the long-term storage
Ex. Typing info into a computer
What is storage?
The retention of encoded material over time
Ex. Pressing Ctrl S to save info
What is retrieval?
The process of getting the info out of storage
Ex. Finding your document and opening it
What is recalling?
You must retrieve the info from your memory
Ex. Fill in the blank test
What is recognition?
You must identify the target from possible targets
Ex. Multiple choice test
What is sex?
Designation of male/female/intersex based on biological characteristics
(Between the legs)
What is gender?
An individual’s socially constructed identity
Between the ears
What does LGBTQ stand for?
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning
What is lesbian?
A self identified female who is sexually and romantically attracted to other females
Ex. Ellen Degeneres
What is gay?
A self identified male who is sexually and romantically attracted to other males
Ex. Neil Patrick Harris
What is bisexual?
Someone who is sexually and romantically attracted to both males and females
Ex. Angelina Jolie
What is trans?
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity, expression or behaviour is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth
What is queer/questioning?
An individual who does not identify ad LGBT but is comfortable identifying as queer
Questioning - not sure
