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Introduction to: Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology > Chapter 2.5 - Concepts of Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2.5 - Concepts of Psychology Flashcards

0
Q

What is biological psychology?

A

(Behavioural neuroscience)

How the brain, nervous system hormones and genetics influence behaviour

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1
Q

Branches of Psychology:

A

Biological, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, humanism, cognitive psychology

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2
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Founded by William James

Mental characteristics had been developed to allow people to survive by solving problems

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3
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Founded by Sigmund Freud

Getting patients to talk about their background, feelings and experiences with a psychologist

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4
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Founded by John Watson
Developed by B.F. Skinner
Believed that responses are result of environmental stimuli, study of how people react to the environment

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5
Q

What is humanism?

A

Influenced by Abraham Maslow

Believed that humans are good and focused on the human potential

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6
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Study of mental processes involved in memory, learning and thinking

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7
Q

What is the ID?

A

(Devil)

Unconscious mind, composed of instincts for negative impulses and/or desires, present at birth

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8
Q

Example of the ID:

A

I want to skip school and play video games

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9
Q

What is the superego?

A

(Angel)
Unconscious mind, provides appropriate responses to negative impulses, represents conscience and rules of society, last system to develop

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10
Q

Example of Superego:

A

It is wrong to skip school

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11
Q

What is the Ego?

A

(Ref)

Conscious mind, emerges after birth as we learn from experience

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12
Q

Example of the ego:

A

There might be a quiz in science, if I skip, I’ll get a zero

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13
Q

What is Freud’s stages of development?

A

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is mostly established by the age of 5. Experiences play a large role in personality development and influence behaviour

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14
Q

What are the 5 stages of Freud’s stages of development?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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15
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

Sucking, biting, eating. Ages: birth to 12-18 months (driven by the ID)

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16
Q

What is the anal stag?

A

Expelling and withholding body waste. Ages: 12-18 months (ego starts to develop)

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17
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

Interest in genitals. Ages: 3-5/6 years (helps with superego and knowing right from wrong)

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18
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

Sexual concerns are largely unimportant. Ages: 5/6-adolescence (all things wrong in childhood turned into real personality)

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19
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

Re-emergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature/sexual relationships. Ages: adolescence-adulthood (ego/superego are fully developed)

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20
Q

What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s development theory?

A 
Trust VS Mistrust
Autonomy VS Doubt/Shame
Initiative VS Guilt
Industry VS inferiority
Identity VS Role Confusion
Intimacy VS Isolation
Generality VS Stagnation
Ego Integrity VS Despair
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21
Q

What is the sleep cycle?

A

4 stages and REM sleep

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22
Q

What is stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

A

5-10 mins

Transition from awake to asleep

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23
Q

What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A

20 mins
Body temp. and Heart rate decrease
Light sleep

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24
What is stage 3 of the sleep cycle?
Transitional stage | Light --> heavy sleep
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What is stage 4 of the sleep cycle?
30 mins Deep sleep Sleep walking/talking would occur
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What is REM sleep?
(Rapid Eye Movement) Dreaming Body is paralyzed to not act out dreams
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What is a Neurotic Disorder?
Usually react with fear and dread to situations others consider non-threatening May encounter difficulty in life Able to manage daily affairs Example: OCD
28
What is a psychotic disorder?
Often lose touch with real world Experience delusions and hallucinations Example: Schizophrenia
29
What is Schizophrenia?
Affects the way you understand and interact with the world around you
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What is OCD?
Disorder of the brain and behaviour causes severe anxiety. Involves obsessions as compulsions
31
What is PTSD?
Caused by stress, traumatic experience can cause panic around things that "triggered it"
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What is Bipolar Disorder?
Affects mood
33
What is DPP (Multiple Personality Disorder)?
An individual displays severL functionally dissociated personalities
34
What is perception?
The way we make sense of our senses | Process by which we receive and interpret info
35
What is selective attention?
We only focus on a limited lart of what we sense
36
What affects perception?
1. ) Influenced to receive and process stimuli from environment - Receptors - The Brain 2. ) Perception reflects our emotions, needs, expectations and learning - Early Experience - Cultures - Emotions - Environment
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What is sensorimotor?
Age: 0-2 Learn by touching Egocentric Lack of ability to see an object
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What is Pre-operational?
``` Age: 2-7 Develop object permanence Imaginative play Language ability increase Animistic thinking Difficulty with reversibility ```
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What is concrete operational?
Age: 7-11 Thought process becomes competent Understand reversibility
40
What is formal operational?
Age: 11+ Apply logical rules to solutions Carry out 'complex deductions'
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What is classical conditionin?
Unlearned response Unlearned stimulus Learned stimulus Learned response
42
Example of classical conditioning:
``` Training a dog to salivate when they hear a bell by the following way: BEFORE CONDITIONING: Food (unlearned stimulus) Salivation (unlearned response) Bell (no response) DURING CONDITIONING: Bell+food (unlearned stimulus) Salivation (unlearned response) AFTER CONDITIONING: Bell (learned stimulus) Salivation (learned response) ```
43
What are the 3 types of perception?
Detection, recognition, discrimination
44
What is detection?
Whether people can sense what they are being stimulated by something
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What is recognition?
Identity as well as detect a pattern of stimulation from another
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What is discrimination?
Perceiving one pattern of stimulation from another
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What is operant conditioning?
Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour
48
Reinforcement?
Strengthens or increases the behaviour it follows
49
What is punishment?
An outcome that weakens or decreases behaviour it follows
50
What is positive reinforcement?
(Sometimes like bribery) | Presenting a pleasant stimulus to INCREASE the frequency of the DESIRED behaviour
51
Example of positive reinforcement:
Child cleans their room, rewarded with TV privileges
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What is negative reinforcement?
Removing a stimulus to any event that INCREASES the frequency of the DESIRED behaviour
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Example of negative reinforcement:
Child won't have to do chores if they eat their veggies
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What is positive punishment?
Presenting a stimulus to any event that DECREASES the frequency of the UNDESIRED behaviour
55
Example of positive punishment:
Parents yell at your for teasing sibling
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What is negative punishment?
Removing a stimulus to any event that DECREASES the frequency of the UNDESIRED behaviour
57
Example of negative punishment:
Taking away a child's toy for misbehaving
58
What is memory?
The capacity to acquire, retain and recall knowledge and skills
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What are the 3 types of memory?
Episodic, semantic, procedural
60
What is episodic memory?
Ability to remember events from the past
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What is semantic memory?
Knowledge of how the world works
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What is procedural memory?
How to accomplish things
63
What are the 3 levels of memory?
Sensory, short-term, long-term
64
What is sensory memory?
Receives info through each of the senses Allows you to hold onto info long enough to record what is necessary Allows you to select what you think should be retained from all sensory info you receive
65
What is short-term memory?
Retention of info for short periods of time (conscious mind) Holds info up to 15-20 secs If paying attention, may be stored in long-term, of not, may be discarded Can store up to 7 unorganized items Most common way to store is by sound or mental pic
66
What is long-term memory?
Retention of info for long periods of time (conscious and unconscious mind) Important items Retains as much info as we want for as long as we want May not always recall everything Easier to access if recalled regularly, organized and relate to other info
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What is the memory process?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
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What is encoding?
The process of info into the long-term storage | Ex. Typing info into a computer
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What is storage?
The retention of encoded material over time | Ex. Pressing Ctrl S to save info
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What is retrieval?
The process of getting the info out of storage | Ex. Finding your document and opening it
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What is recalling?
You must retrieve the info from your memory | Ex. Fill in the blank test
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What is recognition?
You must identify the target from possible targets | Ex. Multiple choice test
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What is sex?
Designation of male/female/intersex based on biological characteristics (Between the legs)
74
What is gender?
An individual's socially constructed identity | Between the ears
75
What does LGBTQ stand for?
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning
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What is lesbian?
A self identified female who is sexually and romantically attracted to other females Ex. Ellen Degeneres
77
What is gay?
A self identified male who is sexually and romantically attracted to other males Ex. Neil Patrick Harris
78
What is bisexual?
Someone who is sexually and romantically attracted to both males and females Ex. Angelina Jolie
79
What is trans?
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity, expression or behaviour is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth
80
What is queer/questioning?
An individual who does not identify ad LGBT but is comfortable identifying as queer Questioning - not sure

Introduction to: Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology (5 decks)

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