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Introduction to: Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology > Chapter 2.5 - Concepts of Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2.5 - Concepts of Psychology Flashcards

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0
Q

What is biological psychology?

A

(Behavioural neuroscience)

How the brain, nervous system hormones and genetics influence behaviour

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1
Q

Branches of Psychology:

A

Biological, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, humanism, cognitive psychology

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2
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Founded by William James

Mental characteristics had been developed to allow people to survive by solving problems

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3
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Founded by Sigmund Freud

Getting patients to talk about their background, feelings and experiences with a psychologist

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4
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Founded by John Watson
Developed by B.F. Skinner
Believed that responses are result of environmental stimuli, study of how people react to the environment

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5
Q

What is humanism?

A

Influenced by Abraham Maslow

Believed that humans are good and focused on the human potential

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6
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Study of mental processes involved in memory, learning and thinking

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7
Q

What is the ID?

A

(Devil)

Unconscious mind, composed of instincts for negative impulses and/or desires, present at birth

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8
Q

Example of the ID:

A

I want to skip school and play video games

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9
Q

What is the superego?

A

(Angel)
Unconscious mind, provides appropriate responses to negative impulses, represents conscience and rules of society, last system to develop

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10
Q

Example of Superego:

A

It is wrong to skip school

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11
Q

What is the Ego?

A

(Ref)

Conscious mind, emerges after birth as we learn from experience

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12
Q

Example of the ego:

A

There might be a quiz in science, if I skip, I’ll get a zero

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13
Q

What is Freud’s stages of development?

A

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is mostly established by the age of 5. Experiences play a large role in personality development and influence behaviour

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14
Q

What are the 5 stages of Freud’s stages of development?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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15
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

Sucking, biting, eating. Ages: birth to 12-18 months (driven by the ID)

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16
Q

What is the anal stag?

A

Expelling and withholding body waste. Ages: 12-18 months (ego starts to develop)

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17
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

Interest in genitals. Ages: 3-5/6 years (helps with superego and knowing right from wrong)

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18
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

Sexual concerns are largely unimportant. Ages: 5/6-adolescence (all things wrong in childhood turned into real personality)

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19
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

Re-emergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature/sexual relationships. Ages: adolescence-adulthood (ego/superego are fully developed)

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20
Q

What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s development theory?

A 
Trust VS Mistrust
Autonomy VS Doubt/Shame
Initiative VS Guilt
Industry VS inferiority
Identity VS Role Confusion
Intimacy VS Isolation
Generality VS Stagnation
Ego Integrity VS Despair
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21
Q

What is the sleep cycle?

A

4 stages and REM sleep

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22
Q

What is stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

A

5-10 mins

Transition from awake to asleep

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23
Q

What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A

20 mins
Body temp. and Heart rate decrease
Light sleep

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24
Q

What is stage 3 of the sleep cycle?

A

Transitional stage

Light –> heavy sleep

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25
Q

What is stage 4 of the sleep cycle?

A

30 mins
Deep sleep
Sleep walking/talking would occur

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26
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

(Rapid Eye Movement)
Dreaming
Body is paralyzed to not act out dreams

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27
Q

What is a Neurotic Disorder?

A

Usually react with fear and dread to situations others consider non-threatening
May encounter difficulty in life
Able to manage daily affairs
Example: OCD

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28
Q

What is a psychotic disorder?

A

Often lose touch with real world
Experience delusions and hallucinations
Example: Schizophrenia

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29
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

Affects the way you understand and interact with the world around you

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30
Q

What is OCD?

A

Disorder of the brain and behaviour causes severe anxiety. Involves obsessions as compulsions

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31
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Caused by stress, traumatic experience can cause panic around things that “triggered it”

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32
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder?

A

Affects mood

33
Q

What is DPP (Multiple Personality Disorder)?

A

An individual displays severL functionally dissociated personalities

34
Q

What is perception?

A

The way we make sense of our senses

Process by which we receive and interpret info

35
Q

What is selective attention?

A

We only focus on a limited lart of what we sense

36
Q

What affects perception?

A
  1. ) Influenced to receive and process stimuli from environment
    • Receptors
    • The Brain
  2. ) Perception reflects our emotions, needs, expectations and learning
    • Early Experience
    • Cultures
    • Emotions
    • Environment
37
Q

What is sensorimotor?

A

Age: 0-2
Learn by touching
Egocentric
Lack of ability to see an object

38
Q

What is Pre-operational?

A 
Age: 2-7
Develop object permanence
Imaginative play
Language ability increase
Animistic thinking
Difficulty with reversibility
39
Q

What is concrete operational?

A

Age: 7-11
Thought process becomes competent
Understand reversibility

40
Q

What is formal operational?

A

Age: 11+
Apply logical rules to solutions
Carry out ‘complex deductions’

41
Q

What is classical conditionin?

A

Unlearned response
Unlearned stimulus
Learned stimulus
Learned response

42
Q

Example of classical conditioning:

A 
Training a dog to salivate when they hear a bell by the following way:
BEFORE CONDITIONING:
Food (unlearned stimulus)
Salivation (unlearned response)
Bell (no response)
DURING CONDITIONING:
Bell+food (unlearned stimulus)
Salivation (unlearned response)
AFTER CONDITIONING:
Bell (learned stimulus)
Salivation (learned response)
43
Q

What are the 3 types of perception?

A

Detection, recognition, discrimination

44
Q

What is detection?

A

Whether people can sense what they are being stimulated by something

45
Q

What is recognition?

A

Identity as well as detect a pattern of stimulation from another

46
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Perceiving one pattern of stimulation from another

47
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour

48
Q

Reinforcement?

A

Strengthens or increases the behaviour it follows

49
Q

What is punishment?

A

An outcome that weakens or decreases behaviour it follows

50
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

(Sometimes like bribery)

Presenting a pleasant stimulus to INCREASE the frequency of the DESIRED behaviour

51
Q

Example of positive reinforcement:

A

Child cleans their room, rewarded with TV privileges

52
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removing a stimulus to any event that INCREASES the frequency of the DESIRED behaviour

53
Q

Example of negative reinforcement:

A

Child won’t have to do chores if they eat their veggies

54
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Presenting a stimulus to any event that DECREASES the frequency of the UNDESIRED behaviour

55
Q

Example of positive punishment:

A

Parents yell at your for teasing sibling

56
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Removing a stimulus to any event that DECREASES the frequency of the UNDESIRED behaviour

57
Q

Example of negative punishment:

A

Taking away a child’s toy for misbehaving

58
Q

What is memory?

A

The capacity to acquire, retain and recall knowledge and skills

59
Q

What are the 3 types of memory?

A

Episodic, semantic, procedural

60
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Ability to remember events from the past

61
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge of how the world works

62
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

How to accomplish things

63
Q

What are the 3 levels of memory?

A

Sensory, short-term, long-term

64
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Receives info through each of the senses
Allows you to hold onto info long enough to record what is necessary
Allows you to select what you think should be retained from all sensory info you receive

65
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Retention of info for short periods of time (conscious mind)
Holds info up to 15-20 secs
If paying attention, may be stored in long-term, of not, may be discarded
Can store up to 7 unorganized items
Most common way to store is by sound or mental pic

66
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Retention of info for long periods of time (conscious and unconscious mind)
Important items
Retains as much info as we want for as long as we want
May not always recall everything
Easier to access if recalled regularly, organized and relate to other info

67
Q

What is the memory process?

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

68
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process of info into the long-term storage

Ex. Typing info into a computer

69
Q

What is storage?

A

The retention of encoded material over time

Ex. Pressing Ctrl S to save info

70
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The process of getting the info out of storage

Ex. Finding your document and opening it

71
Q

What is recalling?

A

You must retrieve the info from your memory

Ex. Fill in the blank test

72
Q

What is recognition?

A

You must identify the target from possible targets

Ex. Multiple choice test

73
Q

What is sex?

A

Designation of male/female/intersex based on biological characteristics
(Between the legs)

74
Q

What is gender?

A

An individual’s socially constructed identity

Between the ears

75
Q

What does LGBTQ stand for?

A

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer/Questioning

76
Q

What is lesbian?

A

A self identified female who is sexually and romantically attracted to other females
Ex. Ellen Degeneres

77
Q

What is gay?

A

A self identified male who is sexually and romantically attracted to other males
Ex. Neil Patrick Harris

78
Q

What is bisexual?

A

Someone who is sexually and romantically attracted to both males and females
Ex. Angelina Jolie

79
Q

What is trans?

A

An umbrella term for people whose gender identity, expression or behaviour is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth

80
Q

What is queer/questioning?

A

An individual who does not identify ad LGBT but is comfortable identifying as queer
Questioning - not sure

Introduction to: Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology (5 decks)

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