Chapter 25

Question 1

Xenophanes

Answer 1

Complained of ethical weakness of the Olympians insisting that popular notions about the gods must be wrong

Question 2

Allegory

Answer 2

Means “saying something in a different way” or “saying something different from what appears to be said”; translated from an initial frame of reference to another

Question 3

Symbolism

Answer 3

Something put together with something else

Question 4

Etymology

Answer 4

Speculation about “the true meaning of a word”

Question 5

Euhemerism

Answer 5

Thesis that the gods were once humans

Question 6

Neoplatonism

Answer 6

School that revived many of Pluto’s theories and became the major philosophical movement; believed in a higher dimension of reality beyond the limits of time and space

Question 7

Enlightenment

Answer 7

Profound cultural revolution

Question 8

Rationalism

Answer 8

Belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Question 9

Romanticism

Answer 9

reaction against the arrogance, superficiality, and outright blindness of Enlightenment; saw emotional side of experience as most distinctively human: intense feeling, awareness of powerful but obscure forces, abnormal states; intuitive relationship with nature

Question 10

Johann Bachofen

Answer 10

advanced romantic theory; student of roman law noticed women enjoyed status in some ancient legal and social symptoms; believed patriarchal authority was preceded by stage which women had great influence

Question 11

Sir James Frazer

Answer 11

one founder of modern anthropology; accepted social evolution as explanation with universal application; gathered evidence from all over the world which decisive conclusions about meaning of myth could be drawn

Question 12

Ritual Theory of Myth

Answer 12

theory that origin of myth is closely tied to religious ritual

Question 13

Charter Theory of Myth

Answer 13

theory to serve as a justification of what things are

Question 14

Max Muller

Answer 14

Sanskrit scholar; used Solar Mythology

Question 15

Solar Mythology

Answer 15

Muller’s theory that in the myths there is an allegory of struggle between sunlight and darkness

Question 16

Indo-European Comparative Mythology

Answer 16

elucidate European myths and discover essential patterns and original meaning of myth

Question 17

Sigmund Freud

Answer 17

view on myth based on individual rather than society; theory began with thinking about dreams of individuals

Question 18

Oedipus Complex

Answer 18

Freud; adult male psychology arises form infant boy’s sexual attraction to his mother and his hostility and jealously to his father

Question 19

Carl Jung

Answer 19

Freud’s associate; explore the unconscious; discerned a complex symbolism that conceals the unconscious and furnishes access to it; did not believe unconscious was sexual in nature

Question 20

Collective Unconcious

Answer 20

consciousness was like a bay on ocean of psychic activity; in the bay there are archetypes which are timeless recurrent images on which our emotional world and myths are built

Question 21

Structuralism

Answer 21

influential theory of myth interpretation by Claude Levi-Strauss

Question 22

Claude Levi-Strauss

Answer 22

French anthropologist; believed meaning in traditional story is not conveyed by content, but by structural relations behind the content

Question 23

Paris School of Myth Criticism

Answer 23

Levi-Strauss and his French followers are collectively called this

Question 24

Program of Action

Answer 24

structures that inform myth may reflect on biological and cultural programs of action