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physical science > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

System of mountain ranges on the seafloor separated by valleys.

A

Mid-Ocean Ridge

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2
Q

A long, narrow depression that forms in between peals along the mid-ocean range.

A

Rift Valley

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3
Q

The boundary where two plates collide.

A

Convergent Plate Boundary

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4
Q

When a thick and buoyant continental plate meets a thin and dense oceanic plate, the denser plate dives beneath the continent.

A

Subduction

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5
Q

Two plates move apart along a mid-ocean ridge.

A

Divergent Plate Boundary

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6
Q

Where plates slide horizontally past each other in opposite directions.

A

Transform Plate Boundary

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7
Q

The sudden movement or vibration of the ground that occurs when rocks slip and slide along enormous cracks in the Earth’s crust called faults.

A

Earthquake

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8
Q

A crack in Earth’s crust along which rock has moved.

A

Fault

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9
Q

The sudden release of strain energy as rocks moves along a fault.

A

Elastic Rebound

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10
Q

The point of origin for an earthquake.

A

Focus

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11
Q

The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

A

Epicenter

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12
Q

Who came up with the continental drift hypothesis?

A

Alfred Wegener

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13
Q

What were some pieces of evidence supported his hypothesis?

A
  1. The coastlines matched up like puzzle pieces
  2. He looked at large land animal fossils, which matched up with different types of animals from the different continents
  3. Mountain ranges matched up, which had similar rock composition and age
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14
Q

What was the name of the supercontinent?

A

Pangaea

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15
Q

Who came up with the seafloor spreading hypothesis?

A

Harry Hess

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16
Q

How did Harry Hess come up with his hypothesis?

A

He used sonar

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17
Q

Who discovered the mid-ocean ridge?

A

Harry Hess

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18
Q

Where will younger rock be created on the seafloor?

A

Near the MOR

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19
Q

What are the types of plate boundaries?

A
  1. Convergent Plate Boundaries
  2. Divergent Plate Boundaries
  3. Transform Plate Boundaries
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20
Q

What are the two types of crusts that deal with plate boundary movement?

A
  1. Oceanic Crust

2. Continental Crust

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21
Q

How do convergent plates move?

A

They collide/come together

22
Q

What types of land forms can form when convergent plates collide?

A

Deep-sea trenches

23
Q

Subduction only happens with what type of plate boundary?

A

Convergent Plate Boundaries

24
Q

What type of land-forms can be created when two oceanic crusts collide?

A
  1. Deep sea trenches

2. Hot spots, which create islands

25
Q

What type of land forms can be created when two continental crusts come together?

A

Mountains

26
Q

What type of crust must be present for volcanic activity to occur?

A

Oceanic crust must be present

27
Q

How do divergent plates move?

A

They move away from each other; divide; separate

28
Q

What are specific examples of divergent plate boundaries?

A
  1. A MOR (Mid-Ocean Ridge [both are oceanic crusts])

2. The East African Rift (both are continental crusts)

29
Q

How deep, long, and wide is the East African Rift?

A

3 miles deep, 4.000 miles long, and 30-40 miles wide

30
Q

How do transform plate boundaries move?

A

They slide past each other horizontally

30
Q

How do transform plate boundaries move?

A

They slide past each other horizontally

31
Q

What is a specific example of a transform plate boundary?

A

The San Andreas Fault

32
Q

What types of crusts are involved in transform plate boundaries?

A

Both are continental crusts

33
Q

How do convection currents work?

A
  1. Magma heats up, becomes less dense, and rises

2. Magma cools down, becomes more dense, and seeps back into the ground near the core of Earth

34
Q

What are other forces to help plate motion?

A

Slab pulls, ridge pushes, and friction

35
Q

Which plate boundaries have shallow earthquakes?

A

Divergent and transform

36
Q

Which plate boundary has deep earthquakes?

A

Convergent

37
Q

What types of stress can be applied to rocks to cause movement?

A

Compression stress, tension stress, shear stress, and torsion stress

38
Q

What are the types of deformation that can be caused due to stress?

A

Elastic and plastic deformation

39
Q

What happens when elastic deformation occurs?

A

It deforms and then returns back to its original shape.

40
Q

What happens when plastic deformation occurs?

A

It deforms and remains in its new shape/deformation

41
Q

How many types of seismic waves are there?

A

There are three: Primary waves, secondary waves, and surface waves.

42
Q

Which waves are the fastest?

A

P-waves

43
Q

What type of wave of is a P-wave?

A

A compression wave

44
Q

What type of material can P-waves travel through?

A

Solids and liquids

45
Q

What type of wave are secondary waves?

A

Transverse waves

46
Q

What type of material can S-waves travel through?

A

Only solids

47
Q

Which wave is more complex and causes the most damage?

A

Surface waves

48
Q

What are the names of the two scales that help measure earthquakes?

A

Richter Scale and Mercalli Scale

49
Q

What does the Richer Scale measure about an earthquake?

A

The amount of energy released

50
Q

What does the Mercalli’s Scale tell about earthquakes?

A

How much damage is caused

physical science (6 decks)

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