CH 26 Flashcards
A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form.
Mineral
The color of a mineral in powdered form.
Streak
When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides.
Cleavage
Minerals that break with irregular surfaces.
Fracture
The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching.
Hardness
Molten rock material inside Earth.
Magma
A mineral is a ____________________________________________.
naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with crystalline form
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crusts?
Oxygen and silicon
What does inorganic mean?
It means that minerals are materials that are not living
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?
The way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what types of crystal shape it has
What are all the ways to identify minerals?
Luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and crystal shape
What are the two types of luster?
Metallic and nonmetallic
How does metallic luster reflect light?
It reflects light in a way that a metal surface might
How does NONmetallic luster reflect light?
It shines like glass or appear earthy or waxy
How do you perform a streak test?
By rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white porcelain tile
What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?
Cleavage and fracture
What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?
The Mohs Scale of Hardness
What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?
From 1 through 10
How many different crystal shape systems are there?
There are 6: Cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monodinic, and triclinic
Minerals grow from the _______.
atoms that are added to its surfaces, edges, and corners, or in other words, from inside out
What are the 3 ways minerals can form?
From hot water, evaporation, and molten rock
What are the two mineral groups?
Silicates and nonsilicates
Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?
Silicate minerals
What elements are silicates made up of?
Oxygen and silicon, otherwise known as silicon dioxide
Nonsilicates do not contain what element?
Silicon
What mineral is used to make glass?
Quartz
Define rock
A naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass.
How are rocks identified?
By their composition and texture.
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?
Its size, shape, arrangement of the rock’s components.
Where do intrusive igneous rocks form?
Underground or on Earth’s surface.
What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?
Magma
What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?
Magma chamber
What are the 3 types of magma?
Mafic, intermediate, and felsic
Which type of magma has a low silica content?
Mafic
Which type of magma has a high silica content?
Felsic
Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz (oceanic or continental)?
Continental crust
Which type of quartz has little to no quartz?
Deep locations in continental crust, and oceanic crust.
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?
Intrusive igneous rock.
Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?
Extrusive igneous rock.
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?
Quickly
What are two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?
Vesicular and porphyritic.
Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?
Vesicular
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?
Porphyritic
What type of rock has a vesicular texture?
Pumice
Define clasts.
Clasts are small rock and mineral fragments
What type of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?
Water, wind, and other forces
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
It means the clasts have become loose enough, broken off, or broken i into even smaller pieces to be transported by some force
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
It means the clasts have become rounded whilst being transportated
Define pore space.
It is the empty space in between the grains of clasts
Define compaction.
It is the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
Define cementation.
It is when mineral slowly precipitates out of water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
From compaction and cementation working at once
What is another name for clasts?
Detritus
What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?
Detrital sedimentary rock
What is the decreasing size of clasts?
Gravel, silt, sand, and clay
Which clast size would be deposited first?
Clay
What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?
Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
From water that contains dissolved solids
If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms, what are they called?
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?
Coal and limestone
What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?
Detrital, chemical, and biochemical sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?
Heat, pressure, and chemical reaction
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?
Regional metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic changes occur over small areas?
Contact metamorphism
When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?
Fine-grained, foliated slate
What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?
Foliated and nonfoliated
Define foliated texture
They have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands
Define nonfoliated textures
They have crystals with more random orientations
Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?
Texture and composition
Define rock cycle
The continual changing of rocks from one type to another
Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
What are the 3 types of rocks?
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
Which type of rocks form from molten rock?
Igneous rocks
Which types are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?
Sedimentary rocks
Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?
Metamorphic rocks
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?
Mineral
The process that involves the physical and chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface.
Weathering
A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life.
Soil
The removal of surface material through the process of weathering.
Erosion
As rocks weather erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in this process.
Sediment transport
When the erosional agent allows down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts (in the case of glaciers), it drops this sediment load in this process.
Deposition
The land area that gathers water for a major river is called a river’s ________________.
Drainage basin
The movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called a what?
Longshore current
