Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EXSC 223 Chapter 23 and 24 > Chapter 24 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Consist of Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Oxidation

A

Reactions that take place within a cell an example is the rusting of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are oxidation Reduction Reactions

A

Coupled reaction since the oxidized substance loses its energy while redox substances gain energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do redox reactions gain energy?

A

When electrons are transferred to energy-rich substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of oxidative redox reactions?

A

As food fuels are oxidized their energy is transformed to other molecules to go from ADP to ATP for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Oxidases?

A

Enzymes catalyst transfer of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is dehydrogenase?

A

The catalyst in redox atoms that causes the removal of hydrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Coenzymes

A

Hydrogen acceptors and become reduced each time a substrate is oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the important coenzymes?

A

NAD(Nacin) and FAD (riboflavin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

High energy phosphate groups are transferred from phosphorylated substances to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What Oxidative Phosphate?

A

Releases energy that is captured by ATP bonds during cellular respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is oxidative phosphorylation carried out?

A

By the electron transport chain that has embedded proteins in their inner mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

This is glucose that is pivotal fuel molecule in oxidative reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is converted in glycolysis?

A

Glucose to 2 Pyruvic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which step is reversible in glycolysis?

A

First Step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the first phase of Glycolysis?

A

Sugar is activated by glucose being phosphorylated 2 which converts to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the second phase of glycolysis?

A

Frutose 1,6 bisphoshpate is split into 2 3-carbon fragments ?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2, 3-carbon fragments in the second phase of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldye and 3-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the third phase?

A

The removal of hydrogen oxidizes the 3 carbon fragments that is picked up. by NAD+. The inorganic pi is attached to oxidized fragments by high energy bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens when enough energy is captured from in the third phase of Glycolysis?

A

Forms 4 ATP molecules when the terminal phosphates splits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the final products of Glycolysis?

A

2 Pryruvic Acid and 2 NAD + H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the fate of the Pryuvic Acid?

A

Glycolysis can only continue based on the availability of oxygen when pyruvic acid is produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can glycolysis continue?

A

If the reduced coenzymes (NAD+H) is relieved of one of its extra H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can lactic acid occur?

A

When 2 additional H are dumped into pyruvic acid and some are diffused out the cell into the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Kreb Cycle?

A

The next stage of glucose oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle Occur?

A

In the mitochondria matrix fueled by pyruvic acid and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When can pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria?

A

It has to have charged molecules where active transport is required. Then the transition phase occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens during the transition phase?

A

Pyruvic Acid is converted to Acetic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

WHat phases must occur before krebs cycle?

A

Decarboxylation, Oxidation and formation of Acetyl CoA

32
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

The pyruvic acid ‘s carbon is removed and released as CO2 gas. Then Co2 is dispelled out to the lungs.

33
Q

What is oxidation before Krebs?

A

2 fragments of Carbons that is remaining is oxidized to acetic acid by removing H. The H that is removed is picked up by NAD +

34
Q

What is the formation of Acetyl CoA?

A

Coenzyme A is combined with acetic acid to produce acetyl CoA

35
Q

What is coenzyme A?

A

Sulfure-containing coenzyme derived from vitamin b5

36
Q

How do we know if Acetyl CoA is ready to enter Krebs?

A

When it is broken down by the mitochondrial enzymes.

37
Q

How does a oxaloacetic acid form?

A

When coezyme a moves the 2 carbon acetic acid into an enzyme and becomes a 4 carbon acid

38
Q

What occurs during the eight steps of krebs cycle?

A

Citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediates of the molecule called keto acids

39
Q

What occurs next during the eight steps of the krebs cycle?

A

Acetic acid that enters the cycle is broken down by carbon and oxidized which generate NAD + H and FADH2

40
Q

Afterwards, what happens to acetic acid?

A

Disposed of and oxaloacetic acid which is the pickup molecule is generated

41
Q

What do we get at the end of Kreb Cycle

A

2 CO2 from decarboxylic, 4 molecules of reduced enzymes, 3 NAD+H, and 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP

42
Q

What is the account of pyruvic acid?

A

Yields 3 CO2 and 5 reduced molecules 1 FADH2 and 4 NAD+H and 10 H

43
Q

What is the final account in Krebs Cycle?

A

6 CO2 , 10 reduced enzymes and 2 ATP

44
Q
A
45
Q
A
46
Q

What is the electron transport chain

A

Carries out the final catabolic process

47
Q

Where does ETC occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

48
Q

What happens to the reduced enzymes in the citric acid?

A

They are coupled in the ETC and an anaerobic since they are substrated

49
Q

What happens to H in the ETC

A

Removed during ETC and oxidation of food fuels then when combined with O2 to form water and release energy

50
Q

What happens to the energy that is released about H is removed in the ETC?

A

Harvested to Pi groups to ADP forming ATP

51
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Components of the ETC where proteins are bonded to metal atoms

52
Q

What do cofactors form?

A

The mitochondrial membrane that is embedded in the inner mitochondrial complex

53
Q

What is an example of a cofactor?

A

Flavin and Cytochromes

54
Q

What is the respiratory enzyme complex?

A

neighboring complexes form 4 of these and are alternately reduced and oxidized when they pick up electrons and pass them to the next sequence

55
Q

What is the protons in ETC?

A

They escaped into the water mixture only to be picked up and pumped across the inner mitochondrial matrix by the complex (I,III, IV)

56
Q

What is the ETC equation?

A

2 H+2e+1/2 O2 = H20

57
Q

How is water formed?

A

When the glucose oxidation is formed during the oxidative phosphorylation. Since NADH+H and FADH2 are cargo they release H

58
Q

How does the proton gradient help with concentration?

A

creates pH gradient with H+ concentration in the matrix low

59
Q

How does proton gradient help with voltage?

A

Generate voltage across the membrane that is negative on the matrix side and positive on the mitochondria side

60
Q

What is ATP Synpase?

A

Areas of the inner mitochondrial membrane are permeable to H and it works like a reverse ion pump and uses ATP as energy

61
Q

What energy does the proton gradient supply?

A

Metabolites such as P.A, inorganic phosphate and ADP

62
Q

What is the first step of ATP Synthase?

A

The proton (H+) flows down the electrochemical gradient through stationary stator

63
Q

What is the second step of ATP Synthase?

A

Each of the H binds to a subunit of the rotor to change shape and causing the rotor to spin

64
Q

What is the third step of ATP Synthase?

A

Spinning rod turns the connecting rod

65
Q

What is the fourth step of ATP Synthase?

A

As the rod spins it activates catalytic sites in knob thajoins Pi to ADP to make ATP

66
Q

How many ATP is produced on a substrate level?

A

4 ATP 2 from glycolysis and 2 from Krebs

67
Q

How many ATP is produced on a oxidative level?

A

NAD+ H and FADH2 gives 28 ATP

68
Q

For each NAD+H the proton generates how many ATP

A

2 1/2

69
Q

2 NAD+H generated yields what during glycolysis?

A

5 ATP

70
Q

How many NAD+H is produced during the transition state?

A

8

71
Q

The krebs generate how many ATP

A

20

72
Q

What is the total amount of ATP

A

32

73
Q

How much ATP can we really have 30

A
74
Q

What is stage 1 of ETC

A

ETC creases proton H gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane using high e removed from food fuels

75
Q

What is stage 2 of ETC?

A

chemiosmosis uses energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP

EXSC 223 Chapter 23 and 24 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions