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EXSC 223 Chapter 23 and 24 > Chapter 24 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Consist of Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Oxidation

A

Reactions that take place within a cell an example is the rusting of iron

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3
Q

What are oxidation Reduction Reactions

A

Coupled reaction since the oxidized substance loses its energy while redox substances gain energy

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4
Q

How do redox reactions gain energy?

A

When electrons are transferred to energy-rich substances

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5
Q

What is an example of oxidative redox reactions?

A

As food fuels are oxidized their energy is transformed to other molecules to go from ADP to ATP for energy

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6
Q

What is Oxidases?

A

Enzymes catalyst transfer of oxygen

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7
Q

What is dehydrogenase?

A

The catalyst in redox atoms that causes the removal of hydrogen atoms

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8
Q

What are Coenzymes

A

Hydrogen acceptors and become reduced each time a substrate is oxidized

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9
Q

What are the important coenzymes?

A

NAD(Nacin) and FAD (riboflavin)

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10
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

High energy phosphate groups are transferred from phosphorylated substances to ADP

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11
Q

What Oxidative Phosphate?

A

Releases energy that is captured by ATP bonds during cellular respiration.

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12
Q

How is oxidative phosphorylation carried out?

A

By the electron transport chain that has embedded proteins in their inner mitochondria.

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13
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

This is glucose that is pivotal fuel molecule in oxidative reactions

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14
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

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15
Q

What is converted in glycolysis?

A

Glucose to 2 Pyruvic Acid

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16
Q

Which step is reversible in glycolysis?

A

First Step

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17
Q

What is the first phase of Glycolysis?

A

Sugar is activated by glucose being phosphorylated 2 which converts to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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18
Q

What is the second phase of glycolysis?

A

Frutose 1,6 bisphoshpate is split into 2 3-carbon fragments ?

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19
Q

What are the 2, 3-carbon fragments in the second phase of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldye and 3-phosphate

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20
Q

What is the third phase?

A

The removal of hydrogen oxidizes the 3 carbon fragments that is picked up. by NAD+. The inorganic pi is attached to oxidized fragments by high energy bonds.

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21
Q

What happens when enough energy is captured from in the third phase of Glycolysis?

A

Forms 4 ATP molecules when the terminal phosphates splits.

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22
Q

What are the final products of Glycolysis?

A

2 Pryruvic Acid and 2 NAD + H

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23
Q

What is the fate of the Pryuvic Acid?

A

Glycolysis can only continue based on the availability of oxygen when pyruvic acid is produced.

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24
Q

How can glycolysis continue?

A

If the reduced coenzymes (NAD+H) is relieved of one of its extra H

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25
How can lactic acid occur?
When 2 additional H are dumped into pyruvic acid and some are diffused out the cell into the liver
26
27
What is the Kreb Cycle?
The next stage of glucose oxidation
28
Where does the Krebs Cycle Occur?
In the mitochondria matrix fueled by pyruvic acid and fatty acids
29
When can pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria?
It has to have charged molecules where active transport is required. Then the transition phase occurs
30
What happens during the transition phase?
Pyruvic Acid is converted to Acetic Acid
31
WHat phases must occur before krebs cycle?
Decarboxylation, Oxidation and formation of Acetyl CoA
32
What is decarboxylation?
The pyruvic acid 's carbon is removed and released as CO2 gas. Then Co2 is dispelled out to the lungs.
33
What is oxidation before Krebs?
2 fragments of Carbons that is remaining is oxidized to acetic acid by removing H. The H that is removed is picked up by NAD +
34
What is the formation of Acetyl CoA?
Coenzyme A is combined with acetic acid to produce acetyl CoA
35
What is coenzyme A?
Sulfure-containing coenzyme derived from vitamin b5
36
How do we know if Acetyl CoA is ready to enter Krebs?
When it is broken down by the mitochondrial enzymes.
37
How does a oxaloacetic acid form?
When coezyme a moves the 2 carbon acetic acid into an enzyme and becomes a 4 carbon acid
38
What occurs during the eight steps of krebs cycle?
Citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediates of the molecule called keto acids
39
What occurs next during the eight steps of the krebs cycle?
Acetic acid that enters the cycle is broken down by carbon and oxidized which generate NAD + H and FADH2
40
Afterwards, what happens to acetic acid?
Disposed of and oxaloacetic acid which is the pickup molecule is generated
41
What do we get at the end of Kreb Cycle
2 CO2 from decarboxylic, 4 molecules of reduced enzymes, 3 NAD+H, and 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP
42
What is the account of pyruvic acid?
Yields 3 CO2 and 5 reduced molecules 1 FADH2 and 4 NAD+H and 10 H
43
What is the final account in Krebs Cycle?
6 CO2 , 10 reduced enzymes and 2 ATP
44
45
46
What is the electron transport chain
Carries out the final catabolic process
47
Where does ETC occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
48
What happens to the reduced enzymes in the citric acid?
They are coupled in the ETC and an anaerobic since they are substrated
49
What happens to H in the ETC
Removed during ETC and oxidation of food fuels then when combined with O2 to form water and release energy
50
What happens to the energy that is released about H is removed in the ETC?
Harvested to Pi groups to ADP forming ATP
51
What are cofactors?
Components of the ETC where proteins are bonded to metal atoms
52
What do cofactors form?
The mitochondrial membrane that is embedded in the inner mitochondrial complex
53
What is an example of a cofactor?
Flavin and Cytochromes
54
What is the respiratory enzyme complex?
neighboring complexes form 4 of these and are alternately reduced and oxidized when they pick up electrons and pass them to the next sequence
55
What is the protons in ETC?
They escaped into the water mixture only to be picked up and pumped across the inner mitochondrial matrix by the complex (I,III, IV)
56
What is the ETC equation?
2 H+2e+1/2 O2 = H20
57
How is water formed?
When the glucose oxidation is formed during the oxidative phosphorylation. Since NADH+H and FADH2 are cargo they release H
58
How does the proton gradient help with concentration?
creates pH gradient with H+ concentration in the matrix low
59
How does proton gradient help with voltage?
Generate voltage across the membrane that is negative on the matrix side and positive on the mitochondria side
60
What is ATP Synpase?
Areas of the inner mitochondrial membrane are permeable to H and it works like a reverse ion pump and uses ATP as energy
61
What energy does the proton gradient supply?
Metabolites such as P.A, inorganic phosphate and ADP
62
What is the first step of ATP Synthase?
The proton (H+) flows down the electrochemical gradient through stationary stator
63
What is the second step of ATP Synthase?
Each of the H binds to a subunit of the rotor to change shape and causing the rotor to spin
64
What is the third step of ATP Synthase?
Spinning rod turns the connecting rod
65
What is the fourth step of ATP Synthase?
As the rod spins it activates catalytic sites in knob thajoins Pi to ADP to make ATP
66
How many ATP is produced on a substrate level?
4 ATP 2 from glycolysis and 2 from Krebs
67
How many ATP is produced on a oxidative level?
NAD+ H and FADH2 gives 28 ATP
68
For each NAD+H the proton generates how many ATP
2 1/2
69
2 NAD+H generated yields what during glycolysis?
5 ATP
70
How many NAD+H is produced during the transition state?
8
71
The krebs generate how many ATP
20
72
What is the total amount of ATP
32
73
How much ATP can we really have 30
74
What is stage 1 of ETC
ETC creases proton H gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane using high e removed from food fuels
75
What is stage 2 of ETC?
chemiosmosis uses energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP

EXSC 223 Chapter 23 and 24 (2 decks)

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