Chapter 24 Flashcards
Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? A. Intracellular fluid (ICF) B. Extracellular fluid (ECF) C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid D. Blood plasma and lymph E. Transcellular fluid
A. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another?
A. The temperature difference between compartments
B. The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
C. The relative volume in each compartment
D. The relative size of each compartment
E. The blood pressure
B. The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? A. Intracellular fluid B. Transcellular fluid C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid D. Blood plasma E. Lymph
C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid
Most body water intake is from __________, whereas most body water lost is via __________.
A. metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
B. metabolic water; sweat
C. drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
D. drinking; urine
E. drinking; radiation
D. drinking; urine
Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. baroreceptors B. proprioceptors C. nociceptors D. osmoreceptors E. mechanoreceptors
D. osmoreceptors
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
A. It stimulates angiotensin II secretion.
B. It promotes water conservation.
C. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
D. It inhibits salivation and thirst.
E. It targets the cerebral cortex.
B. It promotes water conservation.
Water output is largely controlled by varying \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. metabolic water production B. sweating C. cutaneous transpiration D. drinking E. urine volume
E. urine volume
Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?
A. ADH release is inhibited.
B. ADH release is stimulated.
C. The renal tubules reabsorb more water.
D. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
E. The kidneys produce less urine.
A. ADH release is inhibited.
Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather lead to?
A. Fluid sequestration in the upper limbs
B. Hypotonic hydration
C. Hypervolemia
D. Increased sensible water loss
E. Increased respiratory water loss
E. Increased respiratory water loss
In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. ADH B. calcitonin C. ANP D. sodium ions E. bicarbonate ions
B. calcitonin
A hemorrhage results in which of the following?
A. A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
B. A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity
C. A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity
D. An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume
E. A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume
A. A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?
A. Cooling of the mouth
B. Distention of the stomach by ingested water
C. A drop in blood osmolarity
D. Moistening of the mouth
E. Increased salivation
C. A drop in blood osmolarity
What is the principal cation of the ECF? A. Ca2+ B. Cl- C. K+ D. Na+ E. Pi
D. Na+
Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Posterior pituitary D. Proximal convoluted tubule E. Distal convoluted tubule
E. Distal convoluted tubule
What is the function of aldosterone?
A. It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption.
B. It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion.
C. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
D. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
E. It causes the urine to be more diluted.
C. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
Hypernatremia is a plasma \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ concentration above normal. A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. Pi
B. Na+
Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia? A. Water retention B. Edema C. Hypertension D. Interstitial fluid accumulation E. A reduction in plasma volume
E. A reduction in plasma volume
What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments? A. Na+ B. Cl- C. Ca2+ D. K+ E. Pi
A. Na+
Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion? A. Hypotension B. Hyponatremia C. Hyperkalemia D. High blood sodium concentration E. High blood potassium concentration
D. High blood sodium concentration
Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? A. ADH B. Aldosterone C. Atrial natriuretic hormone D. Oxytocin E. Prolactin
B. Aldosterone
What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. Pi
C. K+
What is the total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male? A. 10 L B. 20 L C. 40 L D. 60 L E. 70 L
C. 40 L
What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume? A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. PO43-
A. K+
Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia?
A. Cells are more excitable.
B. The resting membrane potential is more negative.
C. The cells are partially depolarized.
D. The cells are more sensitive to stimulation.
E. There is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.
B. The resting membrane potential is more negative.
Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia?
A. Cells are partially depolarized.
B. There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells.
C. Cells are more excitable.
D. The resting membrane potential is more positive.
E. Cells are hyperpolarized.
E. Cells are hyperpolarized.
Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. chronic vomiting B. diarrhea C. heavy sweating D. aldosterone hyposecretion E. excessive use of laxatives
D. aldosterone hyposecretion
What is the most abundant anion in the ECF? A. HCO3- B. PO43- C. HPO42- D. H2PO4- E. Cl-
E. Cl-
Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ homeostasis. A. H2PO4- B. PO43- C. HCO3- D. Na+ E. K+
D. Na+
Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body?
A. It participates in muscle contraction.
B. It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
C. They serve as second messengers.
D. It activates exocytosis.
E. It is important in blood clotting.
B. It is a significant component of nucleic acids.
How is calcium concentration in the body regulated?
A. By hormones
B. By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma
C. By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma
D. By the parasympathetic nervous system
E. By the sympathetic nervous system
A. By hormones
Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids?
A. They are not a significant component of nucleic acids.
B. They are not important for cell membrane structure.
C. They are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions.
D. They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin.
E. They participate in the activation of some enzymes.
D. They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin.
Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body?
A. An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF
B. An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF
C. An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF
D. A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF
E. A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF
B. An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF
Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? A. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ B. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 C. H2CO3 CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ D. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ E. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
A. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? A. 6.95-7.05 B. 7.05-7.15 C. 7.15-7.25 D. 7.25-7.35 E. 7.35-7.45
E. 7.35-7.45
What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body?
A. The urinary and respiratory
B. The urinary and digestive
C. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
D. The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
E. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
C. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? A. Fibrinogen B. Albumin C. Alpha globulin D. Gamma globulin E. Transferrin
B. Albumin
What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes? A. Albumin B. Fibrinogen C. Gamma globulin D. Hemoglobin E. Myoglobin
D. Hemoglobin
Which of the following characterizes a weak base?
A. It binds a little OH- and has a weak effect on pH.
B. It binds a lot of OH- and has a strong effect on pH.
C. It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
D. It resists changes in OH-.
E. It lowers the pH.
C. It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at the same time. A. secrete potassium B. secrete sodium C. reabsorb potassium D. secrete chloride E. reabsorb sodium
E. reabsorb sodium
Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids? A. The protein buffer system B. The bicarbonate system C. The phosphate system D. The carbonic acid system E. The ammonium buffer system
A. The protein buffer system
The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which ___________.
A. supplies the buffer system with CO2
B. supplies the buffer system with O2
C. expels HCO3- produced by the buffer system
D. expels H+ produced by the buffer system
E. expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
E. expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells?
A. It transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells.
B. It transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium.
C. It transports CO2 from the blood into the tubule cells.
D. It exchanges K+ for Na+.
E. It exchanges H+ for Na+.
D. It exchanges K+ for Na+.
Proteins can buffer a drop in pH with their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ side groups. A. -NH2; -PO4 B. -PO4; -COOH C. -NH2; -COOH D. -COOH; -NH2 E. -PO4; -NH2
C. -NH2; -COOH
Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?
A. It causes repolarization.
B. It causes depolarization below threshold.
C. It causes hyperpolarization.
D. It causes depolarization above threshold.
C. It causes hyperpolarization.
How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? A. By secreting more bicarbonate ions B. By secreting more hydrogen ions C. By secreting more sodium ions D. By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions E. By reabsorbing more ammonia
B. By secreting more hydrogen ions
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. metabolic alkalosis B. metabolic acidosis C. urinary alkalosis D. urinary acidosis E. respiratory acidosis
E. respiratory acidosis
An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Digestive alkalosis
A. Metabolic alkalosis
Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Lymphatic alkalosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
Emphysema can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Digestive alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms?
A. Hyperventilation
B. Hypoventilation
C. Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys
D. Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys
A. Hyperventilation
