Chapter 23 Flashcards
In life threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. secreting erythropoietin B. secreting renin C. deaminating amino acids D. contributing to calcium homeostasis E. producing uric acid
C. deaminating amino acids
A byproduct of protein catabolism, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste. A. urea B. creatinine C. uric acid D. azotemia E. ammonia
A. urea
Which organ system does not excrete waste? A. The urinary system B. The cardiovascular system C. The integumentary system D. The digestive system E. The respiratory system
B. The cardiovascular system
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
A. They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids.
B. They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D.
C. They help control blood pressure.
D. They release waste into the bloodstream.
E. They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.
D. They release waste into the bloodstream.
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not an organ of the urinary system. A. urethra B. liver C. ureter D. urinary bladder E. kidney
B. liver
Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system?
A. The kidneys are retroperitoneal.
B. The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
C. The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females.
D. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.
E. The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney
D. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.
The medial concavity of the kidney is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter. A. medulla B. corpuscle C. cortex D. hilum E. capsule
D. hilum
A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder? A. Pyuria B. Hematuria C. Albuminuria D. Uremia E. Phenylketonuria
C. Albuminuria
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ innervation is unknown. A. sympathetic; parasympathetic B. parasympathetic; sympathetic C. central; peripheral D. peripheral; central E. enteric; somatic
A. sympathetic; parasympathetic
The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. perirenal fat capsule B. renal fascia C. hilum D. fibrous capsule E. renal medulla
D. fibrous capsule
A single lobe of a kidney is comprised of __________.
A. two calyces and a renal pelvis
B. one pyramid and the overlying cortex
C. one major calyx and all of its minor calyces
D. a renal medulla and two renal columns
E. one collecting duct and all nephrons that drain into it
B. one pyramid and the overlying cortex
A renal pyramid voids urine into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. minor calyx B. major calyx C. renal medulla D. renal papilla E. ureter
A. minor calyx
Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex?
A. Arcuate a. interlobar a. afferent arteriole interlobular a.
B. Interlobar a. interlobular a. segmental a. arcuate a.
C. Segmental a. interlobar a. arcuate a. interlobular a.
D. Afferent arteriole interlobular a. arcuate a. interlobar a.
E. Segmental a. arcuate a. interlobar a. interlobular a.
C. Segmental a. interlobar a. arcuate a. interlobular a.
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. glomerulus B. medulla C. cortical radiate veins D. peritubular capillaries E. vasa recta
A. glomerulus
The average person has approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nephrons per kidney. A. 1.2 million B. 2.4 million C. 3.6 million D. 4.8 million E. 5.6 million
A. 1.2 million
Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein?
A. Interlobular v. interlobar v. segmental v. renal v.
B. Arcuate v. interlobar v. segmental v. renal v.
C. Interlobar v. interlobular v. arcuate v. renal v.
D. Segmental v. arcuate v. interlobar v. renal v.
E. Interlobular v. arcuate v. interlobar v. renal v.
E. Interlobular v. arcuate v. interlobar v. renal v.
Blood plasma is filtered in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. renal tubule B. renal corpuscle C. renal capsule D. renal column E. renal calyx
B. renal corpuscle
Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus? A. Macula densa cells B. Mesangial cells C. Nephrocytes D. Podocytes E. Monocytes
D. Podocytes
Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium?
A. The thin segment of the nephron loop
B. The thick segment of the nephron loop
C. The collecting duct
D. The proximal convoluted tubule
E. The distal convoluted tubule
A. The thin segment of the nephron loop
Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla? A. Cortical nephrons B. Juxtamedullary nephrons C. Collecting ducts D. Proximal convoluted tubules E. Distal convoluted tubules
B. Juxtamedullary nephrons
In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. plasma B. glomerular filtrate C. tubular fluid D. renal filtrate E. medullary filtrate
C. tubular fluid
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. renal corpuscle B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule D. glomerular capillaries E. collecting duct
B. proximal convoluted tubule
In a healthy kidney, very little \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is filtered by the glomerulus. A. amino acids B. electrolytes C. glucose D. vitamins E. protein
E. protein
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?
A. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
B. A drop in oncotic pressure
C. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
E. An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________.
A. renal autoregulation
B. the myogenic mechanism
C. tubuloglomerular feedback
D. sympathetic control
E. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
B. the myogenic mechanism
In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet. A. azotemia B. sodium chloride C. parathyroid hormone D. aldosterone E. angiotensin II
E. angiotensin II
Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg. A. 10 mm Hg out B. 20 mm Hg out C. 30 mm Hg out D. 40 mm Hg out E. 50 mm Hg out
B. 20 mm Hg out
Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, to form angiotensin I. A. lungs B. kidneys C. liver D. heart E. spleen
C. liver
Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption. A. proximal convoluted tubules B. distal convoluted tubules C. loops of Henle D. collecting ducts E. glomeruli
A. proximal convoluted tubules q
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A. Potassium B. Sodium chloride C. Hydrogen ions D. Urea E. Water
C. Hydrogen ions
Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________.
A. reabsorption of all the solute
B. a renal clearance of zero
C. a net filtration pressure of 1.0
D. appearance of that solute in the urine
E. absence of that solute from the urine
D. appearance of that solute in the urine
Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone? A. Decreased urine volume B. Decreased urine molarity C. Increased urine volume D. Increased urine salinity E. Increased urine acidity
A. Decreased urine volume
Aldosterone acts on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. proximal convoluted tubule B. medullary portion of the collecting duct C. descending limb of the nephron loop D. distal convoluted tubule E. glomerulus
D. distal convoluted tubule
Natriuretic peptide inhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ urine output. A. K+; increases B. NaCl; decreases C. NaCl; increases D. K+; decreases E. Ca2+; increases
C. NaCl; increases
In the thick segment of th ascending limb of the nephron loop, K+ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid. A. Na+-K+ pump B. countercurrent multiplier C. countercurrent exchange D. vasa recta E. juxtaglomerular apparatus
A. Na+-K+ pump
Which of the following is not a method by which atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure?
A. Increasing glomerular filtration rate
B. Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion
C. Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney
D. Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct
E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine
E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine
Hypocalcemia stimulates __________.
A. a decrease in aldosterone production
B. secretion of parathyroid hormone
C. secretion of renin
D. an increase in blood urea nitrogen
E. vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
B. secretion of parathyroid hormone
Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? A. Glomerulus B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct E. Nephron loop
D. Collecting duct
The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________.
A. body’s water volume is high
B. body’s pH is low
C. output of antidiuretic hormone is high
D. output of natriuretic peptides is high
E. person is lost and deprived of drinking water
A. body’s water volume is high
Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? A. The collecting duct B. The countercurrent multiplier C. The countercurrent exchange system D. Diuretics E. The length of the nephrons
D. Diuretics
The countercurrent multiplier recaptures \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is based on fluid flowing in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ direction in two adjacent tubules. A. potassium; same B. calcium; opposite C. calcium; same D. sodium; opposite E. sodium; same
D. sodium; opposite
The overall purpse of the countercurrent exchange system is to __________.
A. supply salt and urea to the renal medulla
B. supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal cortex
C. supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal medulla
D. remove metabolic wastes from the renal cortex
E. remove metabolic wastes from the renal medulla
A. supply salt and urea to the renal medulla
Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume? A. Aldosterone B. Antidiuretic hormone C. Parathyroid hormone D. Norepinephrine E. Angiotensin II
D. Norepinephrine
Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. creatinine B. urobilin C. glucose D. ammonia E. magnesium
C. glucose
The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. monochrome B. urochrome C. cyanochrome D. multichrome E. pyuria
B. urochrome
To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. 0.5 L B. 1.0 L C. 1.5 L D. 2.0 L E. 3.0 L
D. 2.0 L
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. diabetes insipidus B. acute glomerulonephritis C. diabetes mellitus D. renal calculus E. pyelitis
C. diabetes mellitus
Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________.
A. feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland
B. countercurrent multiplier system
C. countercurrent exchanger system
D. aquaporins of the collecting duct
E. thirst mechanism and water intake
B. countercurrent multiplier system
A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate? A. 40% B. 56% C. 64% D. 72% E. 80%
C. 64%
Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate? A. Insulin and glucose B. Inulin and creatinine C. Sodium and water D. Albumin and inulin E. Insulin and urea
B. Inulin and creatinine
Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min. Why is this?
A. It is absorbed by the nephron loop.
B. It is secreted by the glomerulus.
C. It is absorbed by the renal tubules.
D. It is secreted by the renal tubules.
E. It is produced in the pulmonary tissue.
D. It is secreted by the renal tubules.
Which of the following is not found in the ureter? A. Adventitia B. Two layers of smooth muscle C. Three layers of smooth muscle D. Transitional epithelium E. Skeletal muscle
E. Skeletal muscle
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscle is located in the urinary bladder. A. detrusor B. distractor C. pubococcygeus D. corpus spongiosum E. corpus cavernosum
A. detrusor
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not a portion of the urethra. A. external urethral orifice B. internal urethral sphincter C. prostatic urethra D. membranous urethra E. spongy urethra
B. internal urethral sphincter
Micturition is another term for __________.
A. the production of nitrogenous wastes
B. glomerular filtration
C. the countercurrent multiplier process
D. inflammation of the urinary bladder
E. the elimination of urine
E. the elimination of urine
