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Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobic

A

requiring oxygen to live and grow

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2
Q

Airborne transmission

A

spreading of microorganisms that are less than 5 mcm when an infected host coughs, sneezes, or talks, or when the organism becomes attached to dust particles

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3
Q

Anaerobic

A

capable of living without oxygen

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4
Q

Antibody

A

immunoglobin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen

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5
Q

Antigen

A

foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response

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6
Q

Antimicrobial

A

antibacterial agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their growth

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7
Q

Asepsis

A

absence of disease-producing microorganisms; using methods to prevent infection

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8
Q

Bacteria

A

the most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agents

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9
Q

Bundles

A

evidence-based best practices that have proven positive outcomes when implemented together to prevent infection

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10
Q

Colonization

A

presence of an organism residing in an individual’s body but with no clinical signs of infection

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11
Q

Direct contact

A

way for organisms to enter the body that involves proximity between the susceptible host and an infected person or a carrier, such as through touching, kissing, or sexual intercourse

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12
Q

Disinfection

A

process used to destroy microorganisms; destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores

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13
Q

Droplet transmission

A

transmission of particles greater than 5 mcm

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14
Q

Endemic

A

something that occurs with predictability in one specific region or population and can appear in a different geographical location

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15
Q

Endogenous

A

infection in which the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored within the person

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16
Q

Exogenous

A

infection in which the causative organism is acquired from outside the host

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17
Q

Fungi

A

plant-like organisms (molds and yeasts) that can cause infection

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18
Q

Healthcare Associated Infection

A

an infection that was not present on admission to a health care institution and develops during the course of treatment for other conditions (nosocomial)

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19
Q

Host

A

animal or person on or within which microorganisms live

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20
Q

Iatrogenic

A

infection that occurs as a result of a treatment or diagnostic procedure

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21
Q

Indirect contact

A

personal contact with either a vector, a living creature that transmits an infectious agent to a human, usually an insect; or an inanimate object, called a fomite, such as equipment or countertops

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22
Q

Infection

A

disease state resulting from pathogens in or on the body

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23
Q

Isolation

A

protective procedure designed to prevent the transmission of specific microorganisms; also called protective aseptic techniques and barrier techniques

24
Q

Medical Asepsis

A

practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens; synonym for clean technique

25
Nosocomial
something originating or taking place in the hospital (i.e., infection)
26
Parasites
organism that lives on or in a host and relies on it for nourishment
27
Pathogens
disease-producing microorganism
28
Personal Protective Equipment
gloves, gowns, masks, and protective eye gear designed to minimize or prevent the health care worker’s exposure to infectious material
29
Reservoir
natural habitat for the growth and multiplication of microorganisms
30
Standard precautions
CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status; this category combines universal and body substance precautions
31
Sterilization
(1) the process by which all microorganisms, including spores, are destroyed; (2) surgical procedure performed to render a person infertile
32
Surgical Asepsis
practices that render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms; synonym for sterile technique
33
Transmission-based precautions
CDC precautions used in patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes; used in addition to standard precautions
34
Vector
nonhuman carriers—such as mosquitoes, ticks, and lice—that transmit organisms from one host to another
35
Virulence
ability to produce disease
36
Virus
smallest of all microorganisms; can be seen only by using an electron microscope
37
What are the stages of infection?
* Incubation period * Prodromal stage * Full (acute) stage of illness * Convalescent period
38
The incubation period is
interval between the pathogen’s invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection.
39
The Prodromal Stage is
The most infectious stage. Early signs and symptoms of disease are present, but these are often vague and nonspecific, ranging from fatigue and malaise to a low-grade fever. This period lasts from several hours to several days
40
The full stage of illness includes
The presence of infection-specific signs and symptoms. The type of infection determines the length of the illness and the severity of the manifestations. Symptoms can be localized or systemic.
41
Localized symptoms
are limited or occur in only one body area
42
Systemic symptoms
Occur throughout the entire body.
43
The Convalescent period
involves the recovery from the infection. Convalescence may vary according to the severity of the infection and the patient’s general condition. The signs and symptoms disappear, and the person returns to a healthy state. However, depending on the type of infection, there may be a temporary or permanent change in the patient’s previous health state
44
Inflammation
helps the body to neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent and to prepare the site for repair. S/S: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function, usually appearing at the site of the injury/invasion
45
Older Adult Infection Risk: Pulmonary Infections
Age Related Changes: * Decreased cough reflex * Decreased elastic recoil of lungs * Decreased activity of cilia * Abnormal swallowing reflexes Nursing Interventions: * Place patient in sitting position to eat and drink. * Encourage patient to drink plenty of fluids, unless contraindicated. * Encourage patient to cough and deep breathe or use incentive spirometer. * Recommend pneumococcal vaccination as recommended and influenza vaccination annually.
46
Older Adult Infection Risk: UTI
Age Related Changes: * Incomplete emptying of bladder * Decreased sphincter control * Bladder-outlet obstruction due to enlarged prostate gland * Pelvic floor relaxation due to estrogen depletion * Reduced renal blood flow Nursing Interventions: * Discuss with patient need to void at regular intervals. * Encourage patient to drink plenty of fluids, unless contraindicated. * Administer medications for enlarged prostate (benign prostate hypertrophy; BPH) and estrogen depletion as prescribed. * If patient wears absorbent product such as incontinence pad, instruct patient to change pad frequently and perform good perineal care. * Assess for UTIs (may be atypical in older adults). * Discuss the need for patient to void after sexual intercourse.
47
Older Adult Infection Risk: Skin Infections
Age Related Changes: * Loss of elasticity * Increased dryness * Thinning of epidermis * Slowing of cell replacement * Decreased vascular supply Nursing Strategies: * Encourage patient to drink plenty of fluids, unless contraindicated. * Help patient to perform good hygiene practices daily. * Apply lotion to skin as needed. * Assess frequently for any breaks in skin integrity, rashes, or changes in skin.
48
Normal WBC levels
Between 5,000 to 10,000/mm3
49
Five Moments for hand hygiene include:
Moment 1 – Before touching a patient Moment 2 – Before a clean or aseptic procedure Moment 3 – After a body fluid exposure risk Moment 4 – After touching a patient Moment 5 – After touching patient surroundings
50
IMPORTANT POINT‼️
C-Diff is not killed by alcohol-based handrubs, so soap and water are required.
51
Methods of sterilization include:
``` Steam Boiling Water Dry Heat Radiation Ethylene Oxide Gas Chemical Solutions ```
52
Methods of Sterilization Facts: Steam
Higher temperature caused by higher pressure destroys organisms (e.g., autoclaving) Most plastic and rubber devices are damaged by autoclaving.
53
Methods of Sterilization Facts: Boiling Water
Frequently used in the home—simple and inexpensive; boil item for at least 10 minutes Spores and some viruses are not destroyed by boiling.
54
Methods of Sterilization Facts: Dry Heat
Alternative sterilization method for home Used for metal items. Heat oven to 350°F for 2 or more hours. Insufficient to destroy all microorganisms. Not used in health care facilities.
55
Methods of Sterilization Facts: Radiation
Used for pharmaceuticals, foods, plastics, and other heat-sensitive items Object must be directly exposed to ultraviolet radiation on all surfaces. Poses risk to personnel.
56
Methods of Sterilization Facts: Ethylene Oxide Gas
Destroys microorganisms and spores by interfering with metabolic processes in cells. Gas is released while items (oxygen and suction gauges, blood pressure equipment) are contained in autoclave. Precautions necessary because gas is toxic to humans.
57
Methods of Sterilization Facts: Chemical Solutions
Generally used for instrument and equipment disinfection and for housekeeping disinfection. Chlorines are useful for disinfecting water and for housekeeping purposes. A solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) in a 1:100 dilution effectively inactivates human immunodeficiency virus. Betadine and alcohol are also used as disinfectants. Method does not destroy all spores and may cause corrosion on metal surfaces.

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