Chapter 23: Respiratory (lecture 17)

Question 1

What is the respiration controlled by?

Answer 1

Neurons in pons and medulla

Question 2

What are the 3 groups of neurons?

Answer 2

• Medullary Rhythmicity
• Pneumotaxic
• Apneustic Centers

Question 3

What does the Medullary Rhythmcity Area controls?

Answer 3

Controls basic rhythm of respiration

Question 4

How long is the inspiration and expiration for Medullary Rhythmicty Area?

Answer 4

Inspiration for 2 seconds, expiration for 3

Question 5

Medullary Rhythmicty Area: when is expiratory neurons inactive and active?

Answer 5

Expiratory neurons inactive during most quiet breathing only active during high venitlation

Question 6

what is Pneumotaxic Area

Answer 6

constant inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area

Question 7

What are the neurons doing during Pneumotaxic Area?

Answer 7

trying to turn off inspiration before lungs too expanded

Question 8

What is Apneustic Area?

Answer 8

Stimulatory signals to inspiration area to prolong innspiration

Question 9

What are cortical influences?

Answer 9

• Voluntarily alter breathing patterns

- If you hold breathe until you faint—breathing will resume

Question 10

Central chemoreceptors in medulla respond to what?

Answer 10

H + or pCO2

Question 11

Chemoreceptors: hypercapnia

Answer 11

slight increase in pCO2 is noticed

Question 12

Perpheral chemoreceptors responds to what?

Answer 12

changes in H+ pO2 or PCO2

Question 13

What is hypoxia?

Answer 13

deficiency of O2 at tissue level

Question 14

Types of hypoxia?

Answer 14

• Hypoxic hypoxia
• anmeic hypoxia
• ischemic hypoxia
• histotoxic hypoxia

Question 15

Hypoxic hypoxia ?

Answer 15

low pO2 in arterial blood; high altitude, fluid in lungs and obstructions

Question 16

Anemic Hypoxia?

Answer 16

too little functioning Hb; hemorrhage or anemia

Question 17

ischemic hypoxia?

Answer 17

blood flow is too low

Question 18

histotoxic hypoxia?

Answer 18

cyanide poisoning; blocks metabolic stages and O2 usage

Question 19

Inflation Reflex (Hering- Breurer Reflex)

Answer 19

big deep breathe stretching receptors produces urge to exhale

Question 20

What factors increase breathing rates?

Answer 20

emotional anxiety, temperature increase or drop in blood pressure

Question 21

Quick Breathing rate response to exercise is a input from what?

Answer 21

Proprioceptors

Question 22

Why is smokers easily winded?

Answer 22

• nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles
• carbon monoxide in smoke binds to hemoglobin
• irritants in smoke cause excess muscus secretion
• irritants inhibit movement of cilia
• in time destroys elastic fibers in lungs and leads to emphysema

Question 23

what is asthma?

Answer 23

is an inflammatory disease of the airways, which causes attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness

Question 24

what is influenza?

Answer 24

a viral infection that affects mainly the nose throat bronchi and occasionally lungs.

recover in 1-2 weeks\can be affected by cough or sneeze