Chapter 2.3 Nucleic Acids Proteins & Lipids

Question 1

What are macromolecules?

Answer 1

Large, complex molecules essential for life, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Question 2

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 2

A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules.

Question 3

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 3

A chemical reaction that breaks down molecules by adding water.

Question 4

What is an isomer?

Answer 4

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Question 5

What is a polymer?

Answer 5

A large molecule composed of repeating structural units (monomers).

Question 6

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 6

Biomacromolecules that store and transmit genetic information, including DNA and RNA.

Question 7

What are proteins?

Answer 7

Macromolecules made of amino acids that perform a variety of functions in organisms.

Question 8

What are carbohydrates?

what compounds are they made of and function

Answer 8

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as energy sources and structural components.

Question 9

What are lipids?

Answer 9

Hydrophobic organic molecules, including fats, oils, and steroids, important for energy storage and cell membranes.

Question 10

What are the monomers for proteins?

Answer 10

Amino acids.

Question 11

What are the monomers for nucleic acids?

Answer 11

Nucleotides.

Question 12

Why is life carbon-based?

Answer 12

Carbon’s ability to form stable bonds with many elements allows for the complexity of biomolecules.

Question 13

What is special about carbon?

Answer 13

Carbon can form four covalent bonds, enabling diverse molecular structures.

Question 14

What is the basic structure of an amino acid?

Answer 14

An amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group (side chain).

Question 15

Which structural region of an amino acid determines its properties?

Answer 15

The R group (side chain).

Question 16

How is glycine different from lysine structurally?

Answer 16

Glycine has a hydrogen as its R group, while lysine has a longer, more complex R group.

Question 17

How is glycine different from lysine functionally?

Answer 17

Glycine is the simplest amino acid, while lysine is basic and involved in protein synthesis.

Question 18

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

Answer 18

Nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 19

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 19

DNA and RNA.

Question 20

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 20

DNA serves as the genome for all living cells, storing genetic information.

Question 21

What is the function of RNA?

Answer 21

RNA plays a role in protein synthesis and gene expression.

Question 22

List three structural differences between DNA and RNA.

Answer 22

1. DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded. 2. DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose. 3. DNA uses thymine; RNA uses uracil.

Question 23

What are two basic characteristics of carbohydrates? (what they do)

Answer 23

1. They serve as energy sources. 2. They provide structural support in cells.

Question 24

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 24

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules. Example: glucose.

Question 25

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 25

A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides. Example: sucrose.

Question 26

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 26

A carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharide units. Example: starch.

Question 27

How are disaccharides synthesized?

Answer 27

Through dehydration synthesis, where two monosaccharides combine and release a water molecule.

Question 28

How many water molecules are formed when one molecule of sucrose is made?

Answer 28

One water molecule is formed.

Question 29

What are the two reactants required to form sucrose?

Answer 29

Glucose and fructose.

Question 30

Why are humans unable to break down and metabolize cellulose?

Answer 30

Humans do not contain the digestive enzyme that breaks down the bonds of cellulose. It goes through our system and aids humans with bowel movements

Question 31

Which animals can "digest" cellulose and how?

Answer 31

Cow, Sheep, Termites - they contain protists within their digestive tract that have the ability to break down cellulose.

Question 32

Lipids are a multifunctional family of macromolecules. What features do all lipids share?

Answer 32

All lipids share their hydrophobic features. They are Non-polar molecules, consists of primarily hydrocarbon chains.

Question 33

3 differences of saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

Answer 33

Saturated fats: lack double bonds, solidified at room temperature, found in animal products. Unsaturated Fats: contains at least one double bonds, liquid and come from plants.

Question 34

Definition of Triglyceride , and describe its function and components.

Answer 34

Triglyceride- a type of lipid (fat), composed of a glycerol linked to 3 fatty acid molecules, serves as storage and insulation. hydrophobic

Question 35

Definition of Phospholipids, and describe its function and components

Answer 35

Phospholipids- amphipathic lipids (having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) they can form a lipid barrier to regulate the passage of molecules, and acts as a platform to allow cells to receive and transmit signals throughout the membrane.

Question 36

Definition of steroids, and describe its function and components

Answer 36

Steroids are a group of lipids (fats) that have a ring-like structure consisting of carbons. They are hydrophobic. They store energy

Question 37

Definition of Waxes, and describe its function and components

Answer 37

Waxes are protective compounds composed of hydrocarbon chains with alcohol and fatty acids

Question 38

What is the number of molecules produced when synthesizing TRIGLYCERIDE

Answer 38

3

Question 39

Nitrogenous Bases of RNA

Answer 39

RAGCU

Question 40

Name the molecule that forms the plasma membrane of cells

Answer 40

Phospholipids

Question 41

3 Components of Nucleotides

Answer 41

- a nitrogenous base, -5 carbon sugars -a phosphate group

Question 42

Glucose Chemical Formula

Answer 42

C6-H12-O6

Question 43

Structure of a phospholipid

Answer 43

-Glycerol Backbone -2 fatty acid tails - a phosphate group

Question 44

True or False: Saturated fats have multiple double bonds in fatty acid chains

Answer 44

False - they have no double bonds