Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 1064 - Pharm > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Define pain

A

A multidimensional, subjective experience

- an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 types of drugs used to treat pain?

A
  1. Strong narcotics
  2. Mild narcotics
  3. Mixed agonist-antagonists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is transduction?

A

Term used to describe the phenomena associated with the initiation of a pain signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are pain receptors found?

A

On the peripheral end plates of afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do afferent neurons do?

A

Carry signals into the CNS

whereas efferent neurons carry signals from the CNS to the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are pain receptors called?

A

Nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the type different types of nociceptors?

A
  1. Delta fibres

2. C fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the pain that Delta fibres sense

A

Sense sharp, stinging, cutting or pinching pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the pain the C fibres sense

A

Dull, burning, or aching pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 different kinds of pain?

A
  1. Nociceptic pain
  2. Neuropathic pain
  3. Acute pain
  4. Chronic pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristics of nociceptic pain?

A
  • indicates real or potential tissue damage

- activation of delta and C nociceptors in response to painful stimuli (injury, disease, or inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is nociceptic pain categorized?

A
  1. Somatic (deep or superficial)

2. Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is somatic nociceptic pain?

A

Pain in the bone, muscle, or soft tissue (stimulated by peripheral nociceptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is visceral nociceptic pain?

A

Pain in the deep tissues or organ (and surrounding tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Pain from abnormal processing of stimuli in the peripheral or CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is acute pain?

A

The immediate phase of response to an insult or injury from tissue damage
- resolves with healing of underlying injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is acute pain nociceptic or neuropathic?

A

Usually nociceptic, but can also be neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is chronic pain?

A

Not defined by how long it lasts

- may persist well beyond actual tissue injury and healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the drug classifications (2) that are normally used for pain management?

A

Opioid analgesics

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do NSAIDs act?

A

Act in the peripheral nervous system, interfering with prostaglandin synthesis and preventing the transmission of pain impulses.

21
Q

What are 2 examples of drugs that are used to treat mild-moderate pain?

A

NSAIDs

Tylenol (non-opiate analgesics)

22
Q

What kind of drug is used to treat moderate-severe pain?

A

Opioids

23
Q

What are adjunct analgesics?

A

Drug classes that are used as secondary pain relievers

- primary use is for other problems

24
Q

What are 5 examples of classifications of adjuvant drugs?

A 
Anti-depressants
Corticosteroids
Anti-epileptics 
Anti-emetics
Anti-psychotics
25
Q

What are some examples of non-pharmacologic techniques used in pain control?

A
  • relaxation
  • guided imagery
  • biofeedback
  • music distraction
  • exercise
  • transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
  • massage
26
Q

What is the most effective drug class for managing pain?

A

Narcotic analgesics

27
Q

What are some examples of strong narcotic agonists?

A
  • Morphine
  • Hydromorphone
  • Levorphanol
  • Oxycodone
  • Oxymorphone
  • Meperidine
  • Fentanyl
  • Methadone
  • Tramadol
  • Alfentanil
  • Sufentanil
28
Q

What are some adverse effects of morphine?

A
  • Excessive CNS depression
  • Respiratory depression
  • Hypo-ventilation
  • Apnea
29
Q

What are the secondary actions of morphine?

A
  • respiration (decreased tidal volume)
  • cough reflex decreased
  • hypotension and orthostatic hypotension
  • euphoria, dysphoria, alterations in mood
  • nausea and vomiting
  • itchy, flushing red eyes
  • constipation
  • urinary retention
30
Q

Define drug tolerance

A

The body has become accustomed to the effects of a substance and the patient must use more of it to achieve the desired effect

31
Q

Define drug dependence

A

Withdrawal or abstinence syndrome when the drug is discontinued

32
Q

Define drug addiction

A

Compulsive use of a drug for a secondary gain, not for pain control

33
Q

When is a better time to administer morphine, before or after the pain becomes severe?

A

Before the pain becomes severe

34
Q

Why is it beneficial to administer continuous administration of morphine?

A

Promotes a steady blood level of the drug, which prevents drug troughs that allow pain to escalate

35
Q

What is breakthrough pain?

A

Transitory flare-ups of pain over baseline in a patient receiving opioid therapy

36
Q

What is a rescue dose?

A

An additional dose of morphine to treat break through pain

(10-30% of usual dose in a 24 hour period)

37
Q

What is another name for a rescue dose?

A

PRN

38
Q

What is the most serious adverse effect of morphine?

A

Respiratory depression

39
Q

How is Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) different than Morphine?

A

Equally as effective, but more potent

40
Q

If a dose of 10mg of morphine was ordered, what would be the equivalent in Hydromorphone for pain management?

A

Between 1 - 1.5 mg hydromorphone.

41
Q

What are the effects of oxycodone?

A

Analgesic, antitussive, constipating, respiratory-depressive, sedating, emetic, and physical dependency effects
- similar to morphine

42
Q

What are the major uses of Fentanyl?

A

Pre-anesthetic
Anesthetic
Analgesic

43
Q

How is Fentanyl similar to Morphine, how is it different?

A

Analgesic properties are similar, but Fentanyl produces fewer respiratory and emetic effects

44
Q

If 10 mg of morphine was administered, what would the equal analgesic amount be in Fentanyl?

A

0.1 mg Fentanyl

45
Q

What is the action of a narcotic antagonist?

A

Competes for opioid receptor sites

- used to reverse the effects of opiates (respiratory depression) and treat opioid overdose

46
Q

What is a name of a drug that is a narcotic antagonist?

A

Naloxone (Narcan)

47
Q

What can happen after Narcan is administered? What WILL happen?

A

Will happen - reverse all analgesic effects of narcotics, precipitates withdrawal effects
Can happen - N/V, sweating, tachy, increased BP

48
Q

Give some examples of mild narcotic agonists.

A

Codeine
Hydrocodone
Propoxyphene

49
Q

What is codeine used for?

A

Mild to moderate pain in adults and children

- also as a cough suppressant

NURS 1064 - Pharm (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions