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Chapter 23 Flashcards

gastrointestinal

1
Q

Define ingestion

A

eating

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2
Q

Define propulsion

A

movement of food through alimentary canal through swallowing or peristalsis

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3
Q

Define peristalsis

A

Major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

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4
Q

Define mechanical breakdown

A

chewing, mixing food with saliva, churning food in stomach, and segmentation

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5
Q

Define digestion

A

series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex molecules into chemical building blocks

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6
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down things into its smaller parts

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7
Q

What is absorption?

A

Passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph

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8
Q

What is peritonitis and what can cause it?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum. Can be caused by piercing abdominal wound, perforating ulcers, ruptured appendix.

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9
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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10
Q

Describe the mucosa

A

Tunic layer that lines lumen. Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones. Absorbs end products of digestion. protects against infectious disease.

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11
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

Made of areolar connective tissue. Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves that supply the surrounding GI tract tissues. Has a lot of elastic tissues that help organs regain shape after storing a large meal.

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12
Q

Describe the muscularis

A

Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. Some areas thicken to form sphincters.

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13
Q

Describe the serosa

A

Outermost layer, made up of the visceral peritoneum. Areolar connective tissue, replaced by fibrous adventitia in esophagus. Dense connective tissue that holds esophagus to surrounding structures.

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14
Q

What is the function of hepatic portal circulation

A

drain nutrient rich blood from digestive organs, delivers blood to liver for processing

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15
Q

How does the sympathetic effect the digestive system?

A

inhibits digestion

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16
Q

How does the parasympathic nervous system affect the digestive system? (SLUDDM)

A

Digestion and defecation

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17
Q

What is gingivitis?

A

when plaque calcifies to form tarter which disrupts the seal between gingivae and teeth, causing anaerobic bacteria to infect gum

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18
Q

What is periodontitis?

A

When neglected gingivitis escalates to disease. The immune cells start to attack body tissues and can activate osteoclasts leading to bone and tooth loss. Promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation and bacteria entering the blood can cause clot formation.

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19
Q

How does food get passed down after your mouth?

A

Mouth - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - esophagus

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20
Q

What causes heartburn? What are the symptoms?

A

Stomach acid regurgitating into the esophagus which can be caused by excess food/drink, obesity, pregnancy, running, and hiatal hernia.

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21
Q

Cardial part of stomach

A

surrounds cardial orifice (the top opening of the stomach)

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22
Q

Fundus

A

Dome-shaped region beneath diaphragm (top of stomach)

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23
Q

Body of stomach

A

midportion

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24
Q

Pyloric part of stomach

A

the wider and more superior portion of pyloric region (top part of bottom half of stomach)

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25
What is the function of parietal cells?
To secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
26
What is the function of HCL?
Maintain pH, denature protein, activate pepsin, breakdown plant cell walls, kill bacteria
27
What is the function of intrinsic factor? It facilitates the absorption of which vitamin?
Aborsption of B12, needed for RBC maturation
28
What is the function of the gastroesophageal sphincter?
To keep the orifice closed when food is not being swallowed, mucus protects esophagus from acid reflux
29
What is the function of the mucosal barrier?
Protect the stomach. Mucus and tight junctions prevent juice from seeping underneath tissue, replacing damaged epithelial cell quickly.
30
Describe the major digestive processes that occur in the stomach?
Food breakdown, holding area for food, deliver chyme to small intestine, denature proteins using HCl, pepsin further digests proteins, absorbs lipid soluble alcohol and aspirin into blood, secrete intrinsic factor
31
Describe what occurs in the cephalic phase
Conditioned reflex triggered by sensory signals. Brain preparing the body for incoming digestion.
32
Describe what occurs in the gastric phase
3-4 hours, 2/3 of gastric juice released, long and short reflexes activated. G cells can be activated causing gastrin to be released then initiating the release of HCl.
33
Describe what occurs in the intestinal phase
Bried stimulatory component followed by inhibition.
34
Where is bile produced?
The liver
35
What is the function of bile?
fat emulsification
36
Where is bile stored?
the gallbladder
37
What is the function of biles salts?
Fat emulsification and absorption
38
What is bilirubin formed from?
Heme
39
What is hepatitis?
Liver inflammation usually cased by viral infections, drug toxicity, or wild mushroom poisoning
40
What is cirrhosis?
Progressive chronic inflammation from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism
41
What are the functions of the gall bladder?
Stores and concentrates bile that is not needed immediately for digestion, and concentrates it, by absorbing water and ions.
42
Bile is released from the cystic duct into the ____ duct
bile
43
What are gall stones?
hardened pieces of bile that can cause pain or obstructions
44
What is pancreatic juice composed of? Is it acidic or basic?
Alkaline solution, electrolytes, digestive enzymes - proteases, amylase, lipases, and nucleases. Alkaline to neutralize acidic chyme.
45
What is the function of proteases?
Breakdown proteins
46
What is the function of amylase? Where is it released from?
Break down carbohydrates, released from salivary glands and the pancreas
47
What is the function of lipase?
Breakdown lipids
48
What hormone released from the pancreas increases blood sugar?
glucagon
49
What hormone released from the pancreas decreases blood sugar?
insulin
50
What are the major functions of the small intestine
Digestion and absorption
51
Name the three components of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
52
What is the function of villi?
Absorption
53
Why do chemotherapy patients have symptoms of nausea vomiting and diarrhea
It also attacks the rapidly dividing cells of the GI tract
54
What is segmentation?
Local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices
55
What is the function of the ileocecal sphincter?
Relax and admit chyme into large intestine
56
Name the major components of the large intestine
Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal
57
What are some of the functions of bacteria in the large intestine?
Ferment indigestible carbohydrates, vitamin synthesis (B complex and vitamin K), keep pathogenic bacteria in check, overall gut bacteria and health
58
Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system facilitate defecation?
Parasympathetic nervous system
59
What sphincter is relaxed during defecation?
Internal anal sphincter
60
What is diarrhea?
Watery stool due to largeintestine not having enough time to absorb water
61
What is constipation?
Hard stools due to food staying in colon for too long and too much water being absorbed
62
Describe the process of protein digestion
Protiens-large polypetides-small polypeptides and peptides- amino acid monomers trypsin and chymotrypsin break proteins into smaller peptides. Carboxypeptidase takes away one amino acid at a time. Brush border enzymes break peptides into amino acids.
63
Describe the process of lipid digestions?
Emulsification, digestion - lipases break down fat into monoglycerides plus free fatty acids, micelle formation - products coated with bile salts, diffusion
64
What is emulsification?
Pretreatment of triglycerides and their products with bule salts to break them down into smaller ones
65
What is the function of nucleases?
Break down nucleic acids

Anatomy2 (4 decks)

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