Chapter 22 Flashcards
respiratory
1
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
A
Gas exchange, supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2
2
Q
What is cellular respiration?
A
The process of cells turning sugar into energy. Glucose+oxygen to water+CO2+ATP
3
Q
What cranial nerves facilitates smell?
A
Olfactory nerve
4
Q
What cranial nerve facilitates speech?
A
Vagas nerve
5
Q
Describe the pathway of an endotracheal tube? What is the purpose of intubation?
A
6
Q
What is pulmonary ventilation?
A
Breathing/movement of air in and out of lungs
7
Q
What is external respiration?
A
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
8
Q
What are the major functions of the nose?
A
Produce mucus, filter/warm/moisten incoming air, smell
9
Q
What is the found in the olfactory mucosa?
A
the receptors for smell
10
Q
What is the found in the respiratory mucosa?
A
scattered goblet cells for mucus production
11
Q
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
A
increase the mucosal surface exposure to filter, heat, and moisten air
12
Q
What is rhinitis?
A
Inflammation of nasal mucosa
13
Q
The pharynx connect the nasal cavity and mouth to ________ and ________
A
Larynx , Esophagus
14
Q
- What tonsils are located in the nasopharynx? What are they also called?
A
Pharyngeal tonsils , adenoids
15
Q
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube and where is it located?
A
Drain and equalize pressure in the middle ear , within the nasopharynx
16
Q
What tonsils are located in the oropharynx?
A
Palatine and lingual tonsils
17
Q
The laryngopharynx is a passage way for ____
A
Food and air from soft palate to epiglottis
18
Q
What are the effects of swollen adenoids?
A
Block of air passage in nasopharynx resulting in mouth breathing, leading to air that is not properly warmed/moistened/filtered before it reaches the lungs
19
Q
What are the components of the lower respiratory system?
A
larynx, airways, alveoli, trachea, bronchi, lungs
20
Q
What is the function of respiratory zones?
A
The site of gas exchange
21
Q
Name the components of the respiratory zones
A
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
22
Q
Name the components of the conducting zone
A
All components that aren’t a respiratory zone.
23
Q
What is the function of the conducting zone?
A
Transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
24
Q
What is the larynx also known as?
A
Voice box
25
What are the functions of the larynx?
Provides patent (open and clear) airway, routes air and food into proper channels, voice production
26
What is the laryngeal prominence also known as and on what cartilage is it located on?
Adams apple, thyroid cartilage
27
Name the cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate
28
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Covers larynx during swallowing, makes sure food doesn’t go into airway
29
What are the vocal ligaments?
Vocal cords
30
What is the glottis?
The opening between vocal folds
31
What determines pitch?
Length and tension of vocal cords
32
What determines loudness of voice?
The force of air
33
What is laryngitis?
Inflammation of the vocal folds
34
What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the trachea?
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
35
What is the function of goblet cells?
Produce and secrete mucus
36
What does smoking do to the cilia?
Paralyzes it, eventually destroys it
37
What is the purpose of the Heimlich maneuver?
To use air in the victims lungs to expel an obstructing piece of food
38
The trachea divides to form the right and left _________
(primary) bronchi
39
Each main bronchus enters ____ of one lung
Hilum
40
Each main bronchus then branches into _________
Lobar (secondary) bronchi
41
Each lobar bronchus branches into_______________
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
42
What changes occur in the conducting zones from the bronchi to bronchioles?
(size, cartilage, tissue, cells, muscle)
-They continuously get smaller
-Cartilage rings turn into irregular plates
-Cartilage turns into elastic fibers
-Pseudostratified columnar tissue turns into cuboidal
-Cilia and goblet cells get more sparse
-Smooth muscle increases.
43
Define negative pressure
less than Patm
44
Define positive pressure
greater than Patm
45
Define zero pressure
equal to Patm
46
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure in the alveoli
47
What is the pleura?
Thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into pleural compartments and mediastinum
48
What is intrapleural pressure?
Pressure in the pleural cavity, is negative pressure
49
What happens if fluid accumulates in the lungs?
Causes positive pressure to develop which leads to lung collapsing
50
What does surface tension do to the alveoli?
Pulls on alveoli to try to reduce their size
51
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open, intrapulmonary pressure-intrapleural pressure
52
What is atelectasis?
Lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles leading to collapse of alveoli or pneumothorax
53
What is pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural cavity
54
According to Boyle’s law when volume decreases pressure will ____
increase
55
When the diaphragm contracts it causes the lung volume to _____ which causes pressure to _______ allowing air to go _____the lungs
increase , decrease , into
56
When the diaphragm relaxes it causes the lung volume to _____which causes pressure to ______ allowing air to the lungs
decrease , increase , exit
57
When the diaphragm contracts it moves ______ and causes thoracic volume to ______ I
inferiorly and flattens , increase
58
When intercostal muscles contract the rib cage is lifted_____ and causes thoracic volume to _____
up and out , increase
59
What was intrapulmonary pressure?
pressure in the alveoli
60
What was atmospheric pressure?
pressure exerted on the body by air in the atmosphere
61
Where does air flow when intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure?
into the lungs
62
Where does air flow when pulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?
Out of the lungs
63
When resistance rises breathing becomes more______
Strenuous
64
What does epinephrine do to the bronchioles? What does it do to resistance?
Dilates bronchioles and reduces air tension
65
What is surface tension?
Attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a gas liquid interface
66
What is the function of surfactant?
Reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid, prevents alveolar collapse
67
What alveolar cells release surfactant?
Type 2
68
What occurs in infant respiratory distress syndrome?
They do not of enough surfactant, causing the collapse of alveoli after each breathe. Treatment is spraying surfactant into their air passages
69
What is lung compliance?
Measure of how much stretch the lung has, measure of change in lung volume that occurs with given change in transpulmonary pressure
70
Higher lung compliance means it is easier to ______ lungs
expand
71
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breathe
72
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs
73
What is residual volume?
The amount of air that always remains in the lungs
74
What is the difference between external and internal respiration
External: diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
Internal: diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
75
What happens to the alveoli in emphysema?
Walls of adjacent alveoli break down and alveolar chambers enlarge
76
What do tumors mucus and inflammatory material do to alveolar surface area?
Reduce surface area
77
What is perfusion?
Blood flow reaching alveoli
78
What is ventialtion?
The amount of gas reaching alveoli
79
Is the concentration of oxygen higher in the atmosphere or in the alveoli?
atmosphere
80
Is the concentration of CO2 higher in the atmosphere or in the alveoli?
alveoli
81
Is the concentration of O2 higher in the capillaries or tissues?
capilarries
82
Is the concentration of CO2 higher in the capillaries or tissues?
tissues
83
How does Po2 control perfusion?
Changing arteriolar diamter
84
How does Pco2 control ventilation?
Changing bronchiolar diamter
85
What is internal respiration?
diffusion of gas between blood and tissues
86
Tissue Po2 is always higher or lower than in arterial blood
lower
87
Tissue Pco2 is always higher or lower than in arterial blood
higher
88
98.5% of oxygen is bound to each ___ in RBCs
Fe
89
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin-O2 comination
90
As O2 binds, Hb changes shape, ___affinity for O2
increasing
91
As O2 is released Hb shape change causes a ____ in affinity for O2
decreased
92
What does fully saturated mean?
All 4 heme groups carry O2
93
In arterial blood Po2 is ___mmHg; Hb is ___ saturated in arterial blood
100;98%
94
Increase in temperature , PCO2 and BPG results in ____ for Hb affinity for O2
decrease
95
What is hypoxia?
inadequate O2 delivery to tissues
96
What is anemic hypoxia?
to few RBCs or abnormal/too little HB
97
What is ischemic hypoxia?
impaired or blocked circulation
98
Hb has a greater or lesser affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen?
Greater
99
Name the three forms that carbon dioxide is transported in the body
Dissolved in plasma as Pco2, bound to globin part of hemoglobin, bicarbonate ion in plasma
100
70% of carbon dioxide is transported as ____ in plasma
Bicarbonate ions
101
H2CO3 is split by ___ into CO2 and water
carbonic anhydrase
102
What is the function of the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system?
To help blood resist changes in pH
103
When H concentration in the blood rises does the blood become more acidic or basic? How is excess H+ removed?
More acidic. Combining with HCO3 (bicarbonate ions) to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
104
If H concentration drops does the blood become more acidic or basic?
More basic
105
When H+ concentration begins to drop H2CO3 dissociates releasing _____
H+`
106
What does slow shallow breathing do to blood pH?
pH drop due to increased CO2
107
What does rapid breathing do to blood pH?
Rise in pH due to decrease in CO2
108
Where is the rhythm generating center located?
In the VRG (ventral respiratory group) in the medulla oblongata,
109
What is eupnea? How many breaths/minute is it?
Normal respiratory rate. 12-15 breathes/min
110
Describe how the diaphragm works
Contracts, goes down, and flattens allowing lungs to expand. Neurons in the ventral respiratory group (VRG) control contraction of the diaphragm .
111
What nerve stimulates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
112
What is the function of central and peripheral chemoreceptors? These chemoreceptors detect levels of?
Detect changing levels of Pco2, Po2, and pH.
Central: found in brain stem
Peripheral: found in aortic arch and carotid arteries
113
What is hypercapnia?
When Pco2 levels rise and CO2 accumulates in the brain/too much CO2 in the blood
114
What is apnea?
breathing cessation that may occur when Pco2 levels drop abnormally low
115
What is hyperventilation?
Increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body's need to remove CO2
116
How does arterial pH influence breathing rate?
If pH drops then the body will try to raise it by increasing respiratory rate and depth
117
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?
The rising of CO2 levels
118
How do the bronchioles respond to irritants?
Causes constriction, coughing, sneezing
119
Describe how the respiratory responds to exercise
Increased ventilation (hyperpnea),
120
How does the body respond to high altitudes?
Acute mountain sickness from the decreased Patm and Po2 levels. Acclimatization causing increased ventilation rate, lower hemoglobin saturation, and increased production of erythropoietin.
121
What is dyspnea?
Labored breathed (air hunger)
122
What happens to the lungs as a result of emphysema?
Permanent enlargement of alveoli, destruction of alveolar walls, decreased lung elasticity. Exhaustion from using accessory muscles for breathing, hyperinflation flattening diaphragm and causing barrel chest, enlarged right ventricle due to damaged pulmonary capillaries.
123
What happens to the lungs as a result of bronchitis?
Chronic excessive mucus, lower respiratory passageways being inflamed, obstructed airways
124
In COPD What is the difference between “pink puffers” and “blue bloaters
Pink puffers: patient thin because of energy spent breathing, near normal blood gases maintained so skin is normal color
Blue bloaters: patient usually stocky, cyanosis du to hypoxia, skin turns blueish
125
What occurs in the respiratory system as a result of asthma
Coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, airway inflammation, bronchospasm
126
Describe where the different types of lung cancer arise from
Adenocarcinoma- peripheral lung areas, from bronchial glands and alveolar cells
Squamous cell carcinoma- arises in bronchial epithelium
Small cell carcinoma- contains lymphocyte like cells that originate in primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
127
What occurs in the body as a result of cystic fibrosis
Abnormal viscous mucus clogs passageways, which can lead to bacterial infections
128
How is cystic fibrosis treated
Mucus-dissolving drugs, manipulation to loosen mucus, antibiotics, inhalation of hypertonic saline to thin mucus
