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A&P 2 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which structures are located in the upper respiratory system?

A

Internal nare
Superior nasal conchae
middle nasal conchae
inferior nasa conchae
external nare
hard palate

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2
Q

What are some functions of the respiratory system?

A

produce sounds for speaking
exchange gasses with the atmosphere
protect against environmental hazards

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3
Q

  • -
A

Upper Respiratory System:
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
Lower Respiratory System:
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles

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4
Q

Through which of the structures does the air flow on its way to the lungs?

A

The narrow grooves

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5
Q

which is the paired cartilage of the larynx?

A

arytenoid

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6
Q

what is the epiglottis made of

A

elastic cartilage

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7
Q

If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?

A

increased inspiratory effort
increased surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface
alveolar collapse

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8
Q

If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange.

A

As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane

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9
Q

covers inner surface of thoracic wall

A

parietal pleura

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10
Q

reduces friction

A

pleural fluid

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11
Q

covers the outer surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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12
Q

No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere (“P outside”) and the lungs (“P inside”)?

A

P inside = P outside

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13
Q

A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion in its abundance. the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas.

A

Dalton’s Law

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14
Q

Made of hyaline cartilage, begins at C4 and ends at C6. Air leaves the pharynx and enters the larynx through an opening called the GLOTTIS

A

Larynx

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15
Q

Function of the larynx

A

-prevents liquids and solids from entering the larynx.
-Sound production: air passes through glottis & vibrates vocal folds- produces sound waves.

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16
Q

Short vocal folds create what sounds

A

higher

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17
Q

Long vocal folds create what sounds

A

deeper sounds

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18
Q

Higher tension on vocal folds create what sounds

A

higher pitch

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19
Q

Less tension on vocal folds create what sounds

A

lower pitch

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20
Q

what does more air do to the loudness of a voice

A

louder voice

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21
Q

Lined by respiratory epithelium and contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages

A

trachea

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22
Q

what is located in the thoracic cavity, separated by mediastinum and lined with a serous membrane (pleura)

A

the lungs

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23
Q

the right lung has how many lobes

A

3

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24
Q

the left lung has how many lobes

A

2

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25
The order of the bronchial tree
1. trachea 2. primary bronchus 3. secondary bronchus 3. tertiary bronchi 4. smaller bronchi 5. Bronchioles 6. Terminal Bronchioles 7. Respiratory Bronchioles 8. Alveoli
26
what do pneumocyte II produce
surfactant
27
what is surfactant
secreted onto alveolar surfaces acts to reduce surface tension prevents alveoli from collapsing
28
What happens if there is a lack of surfactant
alveoli collapse & gas exchange cannot occur
29
the respiratory membrane consist of three layers
1. squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus 2. endothelial cells lining the capillary 3. Fused basal lamina that lie between the alveolar & endothelial cells
30
external respiration
exchange of O2 & CO2 b/t interstitial fluids & the external environment, b/t lungs & blood in pulmonary capillaries
31
internal respiration
exchange of O2 & CO2 by body cells b/t systemic capillaries & tissues
32
what are the three steps involved in respiration
1. pulmonary ventilation 2. gas diffusion 3. transport of O2 and CO2
33
low tissue oxygen levels
Hypoxia
34
no oxygen in tissues, causes rapid cell death (stroke , heart attack)
Anoxia
35
for gas in a closed container at constant temp; pressure in inversely proportional to volume
Boyle's law
36
increased volume =
decreased pressure
37
decreased volume =
increased pressure
38
what happens during inspiration
-external intercostals contract: pulls chest upward -Diaphragm contracts & moves down, increases depth of thorax - overall increase in volume of thoracic cavity
39
What happens during expiration
- External intercostals relax- chest is depressed - Diaphragm relaxes moves upward, decreases depth of thorax - overall decrease in volume of thoracic cavity
40
respiratory centers are located where in the brain
medulla oblongata pons
41
inspiration center active every breathing cycle
dorsal respiratory group
42
expiration center - active only during forced breathing
Ventral respiratory group
43
what does high plasma CO2 do
cause hypercapnia and increased pco2 in the arterial blood (hypoventilation)
44
Low plasma CO2
decreases pco2, causes hypocapnia and causes (hyperventilation)
45
Stimulates chemoreceptors in carotid bodies = respiratory rate & depth. Must see a drop of 40% before effect is seen
low blood o2 (hypoxia)
46
what is the main factor that controls breathing?
Co2 concentration
47
stimulates the DRG
Apneustic center
48
Inhibits the apneustic center, modifies pace by increase activity = increase pace of respiration by shortening the duration of inhalation
Pneumotaxic center
49
what is located in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsil & Palatine tonsil
50
what makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?
Hard palate
51
What divides the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx
Internal nares
52
What is located in the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil and the entrance to the auditory tube
53
what is the entrance to the nasal cavity
External nares
54
What is the swirled bones in the nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
55
Does the laryngopharynx end at the esophageal opening
True
56
Is the oropharynx connected to the oral cavity
True
57
The pharynx is shared by both the digestive and respiratory system
True
58
What type of epithelium is the nasopharynx lined with
respiratory
59
The oropharynx is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
60
The nasopharynx is ________ to the oropharynx
superior
61
The oropharynx is ________ to the laryngopharynx
superior
62
exchange of CO2 & O2 = simple diffusion
gas exchange
63
O2 on hemoglobin ; CO2 = HCO3 ; hemoglobin, plasma
Gas transport
64
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when body temperature is decreased
harder
65
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when PH is decreased
easier
66
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when PH is increased
harder
67
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when O2 is increased
normal (increased discharge)
68
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when decreased CO2
harder
69
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when increased CO2
easier
70
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when decreased O2
normal (decreased discharge
71
Why is inhalation an active process
it requires muscle contraction
72
Why is exhalation a passive process
muscles relax
73
what stimulates the activity of the dorsal respiratory group.
Apneustic center
74
What inhibits the activity of the apneustic center
Pneumotaxic center
75
what stimulates the diaphragm to contract
Dorsal respiratory group
76
What sets basic pace and rate of respiration
Dorsal respiratory group
77
when activity increases, duration inhalation shortens
pneumotaxic center
78
what stimulates the accessory muscle for exhalation
Ventral Respiratory Group
79
only activity during forced breathing
Ventral Respiratory Group
80
when activity decreases, duration of inhalation increases
Pneumotaxic Center
81
Higher centers in the brain
increase and decrease rate and depth
82
Hering-Breuer reflex
Decreases depth and rate
83
Irritant receptors
Decrease depth and rate
84
Receptors in muscles and joints
increase rate and depth
85
Chemoreceptors
increase and decrease rate and depth
86
Pain and fever
increase rate and depth
87
emotional states
both increase and decrease rate and depth
88
hypercapnia is caused by ____ and causes a ________ in blood pH, this can be corrected by _______ the rate and depth of respiration.
hypoventilation; decrease; increasing
89

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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