Chapter 23 Flashcards
Which structures are located in the upper respiratory system?
Internal nare
Superior nasal conchae
middle nasal conchae
inferior nasa conchae
external nare
hard palate
What are some functions of the respiratory system?
produce sounds for speaking
exchange gasses with the atmosphere
protect against environmental hazards
- -
Upper Respiratory System:
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
Lower Respiratory System:
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
Through which of the structures does the air flow on its way to the lungs?
The narrow grooves
which is the paired cartilage of the larynx?
arytenoid
what is the epiglottis made of
elastic cartilage
If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?
increased inspiratory effort
increased surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface
alveolar collapse
If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange.
As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane
covers inner surface of thoracic wall
parietal pleura
reduces friction
pleural fluid
covers the outer surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere (“P outside”) and the lungs (“P inside”)?
P inside = P outside
A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion in its abundance. the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas.
Dalton’s Law
Made of hyaline cartilage, begins at C4 and ends at C6. Air leaves the pharynx and enters the larynx through an opening called the GLOTTIS
Larynx
Function of the larynx
-prevents liquids and solids from entering the larynx.
-Sound production: air passes through glottis & vibrates vocal folds- produces sound waves.
Short vocal folds create what sounds
higher
Long vocal folds create what sounds
deeper sounds
Higher tension on vocal folds create what sounds
higher pitch
Less tension on vocal folds create what sounds
lower pitch
what does more air do to the loudness of a voice
louder voice
Lined by respiratory epithelium and contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages
trachea
what is located in the thoracic cavity, separated by mediastinum and lined with a serous membrane (pleura)
the lungs
the right lung has how many lobes
3
the left lung has how many lobes
2
The order of the bronchial tree
- trachea
- primary bronchus
- secondary bronchus
- tertiary bronchi
- smaller bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveoli
what do pneumocyte II produce
surfactant
what is surfactant
secreted onto alveolar surfaces
acts to reduce surface tension
prevents alveoli from collapsing
What happens if there is a lack of surfactant
alveoli collapse & gas exchange cannot occur
the respiratory membrane consist of three layers
- squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus
- endothelial cells lining the capillary
- Fused basal lamina that lie between the alveolar & endothelial cells
external respiration
exchange of O2 & CO2 b/t interstitial fluids & the external environment, b/t lungs & blood in pulmonary capillaries
internal respiration
exchange of O2 & CO2 by body cells b/t systemic capillaries & tissues
what are the three steps involved in respiration
- pulmonary ventilation
- gas diffusion
- transport of O2 and CO2
low tissue oxygen levels
Hypoxia
no oxygen in tissues, causes rapid cell death (stroke , heart attack)
Anoxia
for gas in a closed container at constant temp; pressure in inversely proportional to volume
Boyle’s law
increased volume =
decreased pressure
decreased volume =
increased pressure
what happens during inspiration
-external intercostals contract: pulls chest upward
-Diaphragm contracts & moves down, increases depth of thorax
- overall increase in volume of thoracic cavity
What happens during expiration
- External intercostals relax- chest is depressed
- Diaphragm relaxes moves upward, decreases depth of thorax
- overall decrease in volume of thoracic cavity
respiratory centers are located where in the brain
medulla oblongata
pons
inspiration center active every breathing cycle
dorsal respiratory group
expiration center - active only during forced breathing
Ventral respiratory group
what does high plasma CO2 do
cause hypercapnia and increased pco2 in the arterial blood (hypoventilation)
Low plasma CO2
decreases pco2, causes hypocapnia and causes (hyperventilation)
Stimulates chemoreceptors in carotid bodies = respiratory rate & depth. Must see a drop of 40% before effect is seen
low blood o2 (hypoxia)
what is the main factor that controls breathing?
Co2 concentration
stimulates the DRG
Apneustic center
Inhibits the apneustic center, modifies pace by increase activity = increase pace of respiration by shortening the duration of inhalation
Pneumotaxic center
what is located in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsil & Palatine tonsil
what makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?
Hard palate
What divides the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx
Internal nares
What is located in the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil and the entrance to the auditory tube
what is the entrance to the nasal cavity
External nares
What is the swirled bones in the nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
Does the laryngopharynx end at the esophageal opening
True
Is the oropharynx connected to the oral cavity
True
The pharynx is shared by both the digestive and respiratory system
True
What type of epithelium is the nasopharynx lined with
respiratory
The oropharynx is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
The nasopharynx is ________ to the oropharynx
superior
The oropharynx is ________ to the laryngopharynx
superior
exchange of CO2 & O2 = simple diffusion
gas exchange
O2 on hemoglobin ; CO2 = HCO3 ; hemoglobin, plasma
Gas transport
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when body temperature is decreased
harder
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when PH is decreased
easier
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when PH is increased
harder
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when O2 is increased
normal (increased discharge)
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when decreased CO2
harder
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when increased CO2
easier
would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when decreased O2
normal (decreased discharge
Why is inhalation an active process
it requires muscle contraction
Why is exhalation a passive process
muscles relax
what stimulates the activity of the dorsal respiratory group.
Apneustic center
What inhibits the activity of the apneustic center
Pneumotaxic center
what stimulates the diaphragm to contract
Dorsal respiratory group
What sets basic pace and rate of respiration
Dorsal respiratory group
when activity increases, duration inhalation shortens
pneumotaxic center
what stimulates the accessory muscle for exhalation
Ventral Respiratory Group
only activity during forced breathing
Ventral Respiratory Group
when activity decreases, duration of inhalation increases
Pneumotaxic Center
Higher centers in the brain
increase and decrease rate and depth
Hering-Breuer reflex
Decreases depth and rate
Irritant receptors
Decrease depth and rate
Receptors in muscles and joints
increase rate and depth
Chemoreceptors
increase and decrease rate and depth
Pain and fever
increase rate and depth
emotional states
both increase and decrease rate and depth
hypercapnia is caused by ____ and causes a ________ in blood pH, this can be corrected by _______ the rate and depth of respiration.
hypoventilation; decrease; increasing
