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A&P 2 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures are located in the upper respiratory system?

A

Internal nare
Superior nasal conchae
middle nasal conchae
inferior nasa conchae
external nare
hard palate

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2
Q

What are some functions of the respiratory system?

A

produce sounds for speaking
exchange gasses with the atmosphere
protect against environmental hazards

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3
Q

  • -
A

Upper Respiratory System:
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx
Lower Respiratory System:
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles

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4
Q

Through which of the structures does the air flow on its way to the lungs?

A

The narrow grooves

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5
Q

which is the paired cartilage of the larynx?

A

arytenoid

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6
Q

what is the epiglottis made of

A

elastic cartilage

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7
Q

If the production of surfactant by type II alveolar cells is inadequate, which of these changes is expected?

A

increased inspiratory effort
increased surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface
alveolar collapse

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8
Q

If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange.

A

As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane

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9
Q

covers inner surface of thoracic wall

A

parietal pleura

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10
Q

reduces friction

A

pleural fluid

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11
Q

covers the outer surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

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12
Q

No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere (“P outside”) and the lungs (“P inside”)?

A

P inside = P outside

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13
Q

A gas will contribute to the total pressure in proportion in its abundance. the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas.

A

Dalton’s Law

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14
Q

Made of hyaline cartilage, begins at C4 and ends at C6. Air leaves the pharynx and enters the larynx through an opening called the GLOTTIS

A

Larynx

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15
Q

Function of the larynx

A

-prevents liquids and solids from entering the larynx.
-Sound production: air passes through glottis & vibrates vocal folds- produces sound waves.

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16
Q

Short vocal folds create what sounds

A

higher

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17
Q

Long vocal folds create what sounds

A

deeper sounds

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18
Q

Higher tension on vocal folds create what sounds

A

higher pitch

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19
Q

Less tension on vocal folds create what sounds

A

lower pitch

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20
Q

what does more air do to the loudness of a voice

A

louder voice

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21
Q

Lined by respiratory epithelium and contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages

A

trachea

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22
Q

what is located in the thoracic cavity, separated by mediastinum and lined with a serous membrane (pleura)

A

the lungs

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23
Q

the right lung has how many lobes

A

3

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24
Q

the left lung has how many lobes

A

2

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25
Q

The order of the bronchial tree

A
  1. trachea
  2. primary bronchus
  3. secondary bronchus
  4. tertiary bronchi
  5. smaller bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Terminal Bronchioles
  8. Respiratory Bronchioles
  9. Alveoli
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26
Q

what do pneumocyte II produce

A

surfactant

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27
Q

what is surfactant

A

secreted onto alveolar surfaces
acts to reduce surface tension
prevents alveoli from collapsing

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28
Q

What happens if there is a lack of surfactant

A

alveoli collapse & gas exchange cannot occur

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29
Q

the respiratory membrane consist of three layers

A
  1. squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus
  2. endothelial cells lining the capillary
  3. Fused basal lamina that lie between the alveolar & endothelial cells
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30
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of O2 & CO2 b/t interstitial fluids & the external environment, b/t lungs & blood in pulmonary capillaries

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31
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 & CO2 by body cells b/t systemic capillaries & tissues

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32
Q

what are the three steps involved in respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. gas diffusion
  3. transport of O2 and CO2
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33
Q

low tissue oxygen levels

A

Hypoxia

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34
Q

no oxygen in tissues, causes rapid cell death (stroke , heart attack)

A

Anoxia

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35
Q

for gas in a closed container at constant temp; pressure in inversely proportional to volume

A

Boyle’s law

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36
Q

increased volume =

A

decreased pressure

37
Q

decreased volume =

A

increased pressure

38
Q

what happens during inspiration

A

-external intercostals contract: pulls chest upward
-Diaphragm contracts & moves down, increases depth of thorax
- overall increase in volume of thoracic cavity

39
Q

What happens during expiration

A
  • External intercostals relax- chest is depressed
  • Diaphragm relaxes moves upward, decreases depth of thorax
  • overall decrease in volume of thoracic cavity
40
Q

respiratory centers are located where in the brain

A

medulla oblongata
pons

41
Q

inspiration center active every breathing cycle

A

dorsal respiratory group

42
Q

expiration center - active only during forced breathing

A

Ventral respiratory group

43
Q

what does high plasma CO2 do

A

cause hypercapnia and increased pco2 in the arterial blood (hypoventilation)

44
Q

Low plasma CO2

A

decreases pco2, causes hypocapnia and causes (hyperventilation)

45
Q

Stimulates chemoreceptors in carotid bodies = respiratory rate & depth. Must see a drop of 40% before effect is seen

A

low blood o2 (hypoxia)

46
Q

what is the main factor that controls breathing?

A

Co2 concentration

47
Q

stimulates the DRG

A

Apneustic center

48
Q

Inhibits the apneustic center, modifies pace by increase activity = increase pace of respiration by shortening the duration of inhalation

A

Pneumotaxic center

49
Q

what is located in the oropharynx

A

Lingual tonsil & Palatine tonsil

50
Q

what makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate

51
Q

What divides the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx

A

Internal nares

52
Q

What is located in the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsil and the entrance to the auditory tube

53
Q

what is the entrance to the nasal cavity

A

External nares

54
Q

What is the swirled bones in the nasal cavity

A

Nasal conchae

55
Q

Does the laryngopharynx end at the esophageal opening

A

True

56
Q

Is the oropharynx connected to the oral cavity

A

True

57
Q

The pharynx is shared by both the digestive and respiratory system

A

True

58
Q

What type of epithelium is the nasopharynx lined with

A

respiratory

59
Q

The oropharynx is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

60
Q

The nasopharynx is ________ to the oropharynx

A

superior

61
Q

The oropharynx is ________ to the laryngopharynx

A

superior

62
Q

exchange of CO2 & O2 = simple diffusion

A

gas exchange

63
Q

O2 on hemoglobin ; CO2 = HCO3 ; hemoglobin, plasma

A

Gas transport

64
Q

would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when body temperature is decreased

A

harder

65
Q

would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when PH is decreased

A

easier

66
Q

would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when PH is increased

A

harder

67
Q

would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when O2 is increased

A

normal (increased discharge)

68
Q

would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when decreased CO2

A

harder

69
Q

would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when increased CO2

A

easier

70
Q

would it be easier for hemoglobin to discharge oxygen or harder when decreased O2

A

normal (decreased discharge

71
Q

Why is inhalation an active process

A

it requires muscle contraction

72
Q

Why is exhalation a passive process

A

muscles relax

73
Q

what stimulates the activity of the dorsal respiratory group.

A

Apneustic center

74
Q

What inhibits the activity of the apneustic center

A

Pneumotaxic center

75
Q

what stimulates the diaphragm to contract

A

Dorsal respiratory group

76
Q

What sets basic pace and rate of respiration

A

Dorsal respiratory group

77
Q

when activity increases, duration inhalation shortens

A

pneumotaxic center

78
Q

what stimulates the accessory muscle for exhalation

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

79
Q

only activity during forced breathing

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

80
Q

when activity decreases, duration of inhalation increases

A

Pneumotaxic Center

81
Q

Higher centers in the brain

A

increase and decrease rate and depth

82
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

A

Decreases depth and rate

83
Q

Irritant receptors

A

Decrease depth and rate

84
Q

Receptors in muscles and joints

A

increase rate and depth

85
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

increase and decrease rate and depth

86
Q

Pain and fever

A

increase rate and depth

87
Q

emotional states

A

both increase and decrease rate and depth

88
Q

hypercapnia is caused by ____ and causes a ________ in blood pH, this can be corrected by _______ the rate and depth of respiration.

A

hypoventilation; decrease; increasing

89
Q
A

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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