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A&P 2 > Chapter 22: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 22: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the Digestive system? (5)

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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2
Q

What are the processes of the digestive system? (7)

A
  • ingestion
  • secretion
  • propulsion
  • peristalsis
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
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3
Q

What are the forms of Motility?

A
  • swallowing
  • churning
  • peristalsis
  • defection
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4
Q

What nerve regulated motility?

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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5
Q

What are the 4 layers of the digestive system?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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6
Q

Three components of the Mucosa?

A
  • Lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
  • regenerative epithelial cells
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7
Q

Submucosa

A
  • composed of dense irregular CT, lymphatic vessels, submucosal glands
  • regulates secretion and blow flow to the area
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8
Q

Muscularis externa

A
  • thick smooth muscle (found in most of the DS)
  • 2 layers composed in circular and longitudinal layers
  • regulated by ENS called the myenteric plexus
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9
Q

serosa

A

-simple squamous epithelium and loose CT

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10
Q

What is the Peritoneal Membrane consist of?

A
  • outer parietal peritoneum
  • inner visceral peritoneum
  • between is the peritoneal cavity
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11
Q

What is it called when the visceral peritoneum folds over itself?

A

Mesenteries (supports and binds organs together)

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12
Q

What is the 2 mesenteries?

A
  • greater omentum

- lesser omentum

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13
Q

What is the splanchnic circulation?

A

blood vessels that supply and drain the abdominal digestive organs

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14
Q

What are the 3 main clusters of nerves that serve the digestive organs?

A
  • celiac plexus
  • superior mesenteric plexus
  • inferior mesenteric plexus
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15
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A
  • water
  • enzymes
  • mucus
  • other solutes
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16
Q

Functions of Saliva

A
  • moistens
  • lubricates
  • cleanses the oral mucosa
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17
Q

What is salivation?

A

process of secretion from the 3 salivary glands

-controlled by the PNS

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18
Q

What cells is the Pharynx lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What cells is the esophagus lined with?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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20
Q

What does the gastroespogeal sphincter do?

A

regulates the passage of bolus into the stomach

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21
Q

describe the voluntary phase of swallowing

A

tongue pushes bolus posteriorly towards the oropharynx

22
Q

describe pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A
  • bolus enters the oropharynx

- soft palate and epiglottis seal off the nasopharynx and larynx

23
Q

describe esophageal phase of swallowing

A

peristaltic waves move the bolus down the esophagus to the stomach

24
Q

What are the 5 regions of the stomach?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric antrum
  • pylorus
25
Q

What does the muscularis externa do in the stomach?

A
  • additional inner layer of smooth muscle and the fibers are oriented obliquely
  • allows for churning
26
Q

What are the 4 main types of cells in gastric glands?

A
  • enteroendocrine cells (gastrin)
  • chief cells (pepsin)
  • parietal cells (HCL)
  • mucous neck cells (acidic mucus)
27
Q

What are the 3 phases of secretion during eating?

A
  • cephalic phase
  • gastric phase
  • intestinal phase
28
Q

What are the three motility of the stomach

A
  • receive food from esophagus
  • churn the incoming bolus into chyme
  • control the rate at which chyme empties into the small intestine
29
Q

What are the four main processes of the small intestine?

A
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • propulsion
30
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
31
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A
  • houses major duodenal papilla
  • where secretion from the gallbladder and pancreas enter the small intestine
  • duodenal gland protects against acidic chyme
32
Q

What does the jejunum do?

A

chemical digestion and absorption

33
Q

What does the ileum do?

A

-prevents materials in the large intestine from coming back into the small intestine

34
Q

Circular fold?

A

involve both mucosa and submucosa

slows down chyme to give time for nutrients to absorbed

35
Q

Villi?

A

houses glands for both enteroendocrine cells and mucus secreting goblet cells

36
Q

microvilli?

A

brush border

helps breaks down peptides

37
Q

what is the composition of pancreatic juice?

A

water
multiple digestive enzymes
other proteins
ducts cells (secrete bicarbonate ion)

38
Q

CCK?

A
  • produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells in response to lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum
  • acts on acinar cells to trigger secretion of digestive enzymes
39
Q

Secretin?

A
  • released by duodenal cells in the response to acid and lipids in the duodenum
  • triggers ducts cells tos secrete bicarbonate ions
40
Q

Hepatocytes?

A

primary cell in the liver, arranged in the shape of a hexagon, stacked on top of each other with a small central vein

41
Q

Portal triad?

A 
found at the corner of the lobule 
composed of 
-hepatic arteriole 
-portal venule
-small bile duct
42
Q

Hepatic arterioles and Portal vein?

A
  • drain into hepatic sinusoids
  • then into central vein
  • then into inferior vena cava
43
Q

How does bile flow in the Liver?

A

bile flows through the liver in opposite direction, from hepatocytes to bile canaliculi to bile duct

44
Q

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla and Hepatopancreatic sphincter?

A
  • where the common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct

- controls the emptying of bile and pancreatic fluids into the duodenum

45
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

breaks long polysaccharides into shorter oligosaccharides (finished digesting in the small intestine by the enzymes from enterocytes)

46
Q

What happens to carbohydrates when digested?

A

once broken down the monosaccharides they are ready to be reabsorbed, once in the blood they are taken to the liver via haptic portal vein

47
Q

Na+/glucose cotransporter?

A

glucose and galactose are transported across the enterocyte apical membrane by secondary active transport mechanism

48
Q

Where are proteins digested?

A

stomach and small intestine

49
Q

How are proteins broken down in the stomach?

A
  • Pepsinogen becomes pepsin (has to have a pH of 2)

- pepsin catalyzes reactions that digest protein into smaller polypeptides, oligopeptides, and some free amino acids

50
Q

Trypsin?

A
  • found in the small intestine
  • converts other enzymes to active forms
  • breaks down protein to oligopeptide and some free amino acids
51
Q

Brush border?

A
  • found in the small intestine on the enterocytes of the villi
  • catalyze digestion of oligopeptides into free amino acids
52
Q

What happens once protein is digested into oligopeptides and free amino acids?

A
  • oligopeptides are broken down to free amino acids
  • free amino acids then exit by facilitated diffusion
  • then enter capillaries in the villi
  • taken to the liver

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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