Chapter 21: Respiratory System Flashcards
What does the upper respiratory tract include?
The passageway from the nasal cavity in the larynx
What does the lower respiratory tract include?
the passageways from the trachea to the respiratory tract’s terminal structures of the alveoli
Describe the collecting zone
this is when the air enters the body is warmed, filtered, moistened as it travels through the zone
describe the respiratory zone
this is were gas exchange occurs and includes only the structure that contain the alveoli
What are the processes of respiration?
- pulmonary ventilation
- pulmonary gas exchange
- gas transport in the blood
- tissue gas exchange
What are the types of cells and mucous membrane in the Nose?
- stratified squamous
- olfactory mucosa
- respiratory mucosa
- pseudo stratified ciliated
What are the three divisons of the Pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Describe the shape and function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea?
- c shaped
- rings are supportive enough to keep the trachea open and flexible enough to change diameter during ventilation
Bronchi from largest to smallest
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- bronchioles
What are bronchioles made of?
simple cuboidal epithelium
What does bronchioles branch into?
-terminal bronchioles
-then branches into smaller respiratory bronchioles
then branches into alveolar ducts
What are the three types of alveolar cells?
- type 1
- type 2
- macrophages
describe type 1 alveolar cells?
squamous cells account for 90% of the cells, very thin allowing for rapid diffusions
describe type 2 alveolar cells?
small cuboidal cells responsible for the synthesis of surfactant
describe alveolar macrophages
mobile (motile) phagocytes that clean up and digest debris that are in the alveolus
What is surfactant?
chemical that helps reduce the surface tension on the alveoli
What is the Hilum?
depression on the surface on each lung where bronchi, blood, and lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter/exit the lungs
What vessels are responsible for supplying the tissues of the lung with blood/nutrients?
bronchial arteries, vessels of the systemic circuit of the cardio system
What are the two layers of the pleural cavity?
- Pariental Pleura (outer)
- Visceral Pleura (inner)
2 inspiratory muscles
- diaphragm
- external and intercostal
3 different pressures during ventilation
- atmospheric
- intrapulmonary
- intrapleural
What are the three measurements from spirometer?
- TV:
- IRV
- ERV
TV
amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quit breathing
IRV
volume of air forcibly inspired after TV inspiration (2100-3000 mL)
ERV
amount of air forcibly expired after normal TV expiration (700-1200mL)
-air remaining called RV
4 Pulmonary capacities
- inspiratory capacity
- functional residual
- vital capacity
- total lung capacity
inspiratory cap.
total amount of air that a person can inspire after TV inspiration (TV+IRV)
functional residual
volume and amount of air normally left after after TV expiration (ERV+RV)
Vital cap.
amount of air that can move in and out of the lungs (ERV+IRV+TV)
total lung cap.
total amount of exchangeable air and nonexchangeable air in the lungs (IRV+TV+ERV+RV)
What factors can affect pulmonary gas exchange?
- surface area of the respiratory membrane
- thickness of the respiratory membrane
- ventilation perfusion matching
Factors affecting tissue gas exchange
- surface area
- distance over which diffusion occurs
- perfusion of the tissue
What factors affect hemoglobin?
- partial pressure of oxygen in both the lungs and tissue
- affinity with which Hb binds oxygen
What does the S-shaped curve demonstrate when Po2 drops low?
when Po2 drops low the percent saturation of Hb changes slightly which helps to load O2 in the lungs
What are the three ways Co2 is transported?
- 7-10% of Co2 is dissolves in the blood plasma
- 20% is transported to the lungs bound to Hb as carbaminohemoglobin
- 70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions
Explain how the bicarbonate ion acts as a buffer?
H+ binds bicarbonate to make carbonic acid. When blood pH increases or basic the reaction generates H+ that decreases pH (this is also reversible)
