chapter 22- role and influence of individuals

Question 1

Jomo Kenyatta
(Kenya)

Answer 1

Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) - set up to defend Kikuyu land holdings. Member of the
-President of the Kenya Africa Union (KAU) from 1947. From 1948-51 he toured and
lectured around the country campaigning for the return of land given to white settlers
and for independence. Arrested and imprisoned in response to the Mau Mau rebellion -
despite his connection being unlikely. Elected leader of Kenyan African National Union
from May 1960. After his release in 1961 he began negotiations with the British which led
to independence. Helped force a relatively prosperous capitalist state and oversaw a peaceful land reform process. - able to work with the British who were seeking
moderates, especially after the Mau Mau rebellion

Question 2

Kwame
Nkrumah
(Ghana)

Answer 2

1945 - Helped organise 5th Pan African Congress in London. Formed Convention
People’s Party (CPP) in 1949 which pressured British administration to make further
concessions. Led a campaign of ‘positive action’ (inspired by Gandhi) in early 1950
which lead to mass strikes and rebellions. There was a general strike and boycott of
British goods that lasted 21 days. Nkrumah was imprisoned but during the elections in
1953 the CPP won 35/38 seats. He was released and became Prime Minister between
1953 and 1957 - proved it was possible for indigenous people to rule responsibly. When
independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He
responded to demands for change and understood importance of developing working
relationship with British to gain confidence/ support in order to establish a stable state.
After independence he became a figurehead for African nationalism and helped
coordinate various African independence movements. Advocated Pan-Africanism -
founded the Organisation of African Unity in 1963.

Question 3

Hastings Banda
(Malawi)

Answer 3

Spoke against colonialism and advocated independence. Toured the CAF urging
people to become members of the Nyasaland African Congress and was received
enthusiastically whenever he spoke. Arrested when state of emergency was declared.
Released from prison and invited to London for talks of independence. Appointed PM
of Nyasaland and chose the name Malawi

Question 4

Ian Smith
(Rhodesia)

Answer 4

Elected to S. Rhodesian Parliament in 1948. Supported proposed CAF. Formed the
Rhodesian Front Party (RF) and became PM in 1964. Fearful of black majority rule he
declared UDI in 1965 - claiming independence from Britain before it was granted

Question 5

Nelson Mandela (South Africa)

Answer 5

was a different type of nationalist: he was determined to achieve equal rights for Black people and end the Apartheid regime established in South Africa from 1948. He helped form the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC) and rose through the ranks. He supported the radical mass- based policy, the Programme of Action in 1949 and in 1952 he was chosen to head the “Defiance Campaign” of civil disobedience against unjust laws. He secretly joined the SACP (South African communist party) and secretly left SA in 1962 travelling Africa and went to England to gain support for the struggle. He went in and out of prison, eventually emerging again in 1990 and became President from 1994-1999.

Question 6

Onn Bin Ja’afar (Malaya)

Answer 6

Founded moderate United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). Campaigned
against Malay Union est. by the British (1946) which was dissolved. Organised rallies,
amassed public support. Worked with MCA to oppose the MCP during ‘The Malayan
Emergency’ which helped Malaya to independence. Negotiated with the British for
independence

Question 7

Chin Peng
(Malaya)

Answer 7

Malayan Communist Party. Fought the British with the Malayan National Liberation Amy
(MNLA) in the Malayan Emergency 1948-60. Didn’t gain as much support as expected
from the people - suffered under British propaganda