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A&P 2 TEST #3 > Chapter 22 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

These two systems go hand in hand when it comes to supply of O2 & disposal of CO2

A

Circulatory & respiratory.

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2
Q

Functions of the nose:

A
  • airway
  • filters/moistens inspired air
  • resonating speech chamber
  • olfactory receptors
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3
Q

Anatomy of the nose

A

Top part between the eyes: root & bridge
Actual ‘bridge’: dorsum nasi
Point of the nose: apex
Nostrils: naris
Little indention above the lip below the nose: philtrum

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4
Q

Describe the nasal cavity

A
  • Divided by nasal septum
  • Roof made of sphenoid & ethmoid bone
  • Floor is made of soft & hard palates
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5
Q

4 cavities in bones to enlighten skull/moisten air

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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6
Q

“Pharynx” is described as

A

muscular throat

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7
Q

Pharynx regions

A 
Eustachian tube ->
Nasopharynx ->
Oropharynx ->
Laryngopharynx (bifurcates to) -> esophagus &
  larynx
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8
Q

Where does the Eustachian tube open into

A

Lateral walls of the pharynx

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9
Q

Another name for the Eustachian Tube

A

pharyngotymapanic

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10
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube do?

A

equalize pressure

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11
Q

What part of the pharynx bifurcates and where do the paths lead to?

A

Laryngopharynx.. one path to the esophagus one path to the larynx.

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12
Q

What is the purpose & location of the larynx?

A

Located continuous with trachea & provides airway and speech production

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13
Q

What kind of cartilage is the larynx made of?

A

hyaline

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14
Q

The Adam’s apple proper name is ? & what kind of cartilage is it?

A

Laryngeal prominence

Thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

The cricoid cartilage is what kind of shape? Where is it between?

A

Bowtie; between cricothyroid ligament & cricothracheal ligament

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16
Q

This elastic cartilage structure covers the larynx when swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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17
Q

This is where the laryngeal prominence is located

A

Thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

Structure known as “false vocal cord” & best described as “curtains”

A

Vestibular folds

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19
Q

Describe Vestibular folds

A

No speech sounds ; hides vocal ligaments

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20
Q

Known as “true vocal cords” & best described as “glass doors”

A

Vocal folds

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21
Q

The slit between the vocal folds is called the ..?

& can only be seen by looking down.

A

Glottis

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22
Q

What happens when vocal folds bang into eachother?

A

Air rushes from the lungs; causes vibration; sounds

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23
Q

Vestibular folds do what besides hide vocal folds?

A

Help glottis close while swallowing

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24
Q

Vocal folds can act as a _________ to prevent air passage?

A

Sphincter

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25
Q

What is Valsava’s maneuver? When does it usually occur?

A

“bear down”; forced expiration. Glottis closes to prevent expiration. This usually occurs with heavy lifting & defecation [pooping]

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26
Q

This is the intermittent release of expired air while opening/closing the glottis

A

Speech

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27
Q

Pitch is determined by the ____ & ____ of vocal cords

A

Length & tension; tone.

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28
Q

Loudness depends on…

A

force of air

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29
Q

Nose, mouth, & sinuses ___ & ___ sound quality

A

Enhance & amplify

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30
Q

Pharynx muscles, tongue, soft palate, & lips shape..

A

sound into language

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31
Q

How far does the trachea run?

A

From the larynx to the carina (last ring), where trachea branches into 2 bronchi

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32
Q

How many branches do air passages undergo?

A

23

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33
Q

These are the conducting zone structures

A 
Trachea
R/L Primary Bronchi
Secondary Lobe bronchi [3 right, 2 left]
Tertiary Bronchi 
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchi
34
Q

How many lobes are there total and how many in each lung?

A

5; 3 right 2 left

35
Q

Gap created in left lug is called the

A

Cardiac notch

36
Q

Indentions in each lobe are called

A

Horizontal fissures

R/L Oblique fissures

37
Q

Gas movement is aka..
Gas exchange is aka..
these happen ____.

A

Ventilation
Perfusion
Simultaneously

38
Q

In what part of the respiratory system does gas exchange usually occur?

A

Alveoli

39
Q

End of a branch’s structure…

A
  • Terminal bronchiole [smooth muscle; bronchoconstriction]
  • Respiratory bronchiole
  • Alveoli cluster
  • Alvelous
40
Q

Name the two kinds of alveolar walls:

A

Type I & II cells

41
Q

What happens in type I?

A

02 & C02 go from high to low concentration through simple squamous epithelium diffusion cells.

42
Q

What happens in type II?

A

Surfactant is released from cuboidal cells to decrease surface tention

43
Q

What keeps surfaces sterile in the alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages

44
Q

What do alveolar pores do?

A

Holes that equalize pressure

45
Q

Average # of respirations per minute at rest ? & is known as

A

14; tidal breathing

46
Q

Patm stands for ? What is the regular at sea level?

A

Atmospheric pressure; 760 mmHg

47
Q

Which pressure is always changing?

A

Ppul - intrapulmonary pressure

48
Q

Pip stands for?

Lungs collapse if ___ & ___ are equal.

A

Intrapleural pressure

Pip & Ppul

49
Q

Lung collapse is aka & is caused by

A

Atelactasis; bronchiole obstruction

50
Q

Define pneumothorax

A

Most common lung collapse case due to air entering the pleural cavity

51
Q

Muscles that are used during forced exhilation

A

Abdominal & internal intercostal

52
Q

Know the Patm & Ppul during inspiration & what is happening.

A

Thoracic cage opens/becomes larger.
Intercostal muscles contract.
External intercostal & diaphragm used during normal breathing.
Ppul decreases to -1 causing Patm to be 759
Air flows into the lungs because of pressure gradient.

53
Q

Know the Patm & Ppul during expiration & what is happening.

A

Thoracic volume decreases.
Intercostal muscles & diaphragm relax.
Ppul rises to +1 mmHg causing Patm to be 761
Air flows out of lungs because of pressure gradient.

54
Q

Inspiratory muscles (diaphragm & external intercostals) consume energy to overcome 2 factors that slow air passage. These two factors are:

A
  1. Air resistance

2. Alveolar surface tension [type II cells]

55
Q

Airway resistance is usually insignificant because of

A

large diameter of airway

56
Q

Airway resistance disappears where and why

A

terminal bronchioles; this is where diffusion occurs

57
Q

____ ____ attracts water molecules to one another at a gas-liquid surface

A

surface tension

58
Q

_____ is a detergent like lipid-protein complex made by alveoli to reduce surface tension

A

surfactant

59
Q

Insufficient ____ in premies causes RDS

A

surfactant; lungs aren’t ready

60
Q

Know the respiratory capacities & volumes

A

IRV + TV = IC
ERV + RV = FRC
IRV + ERV + TC = VC
RV + VC = TLC

61
Q

Instrument used to measure respiratory capacities & volumes

A

spirometer

62
Q

Anatomical dead space are

A

air filled ducts ( larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)

63
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Nonfunctional alveoli

64
Q

Nonrespiratory air movements include

A

Cough
Sneeze
Cry/laugh
Yawn

65
Q

The amount of gas reaching in and out of the alveoli is called

A

ventilation

66
Q

The blood flow reaching alveoli (bf exchange) is called

A

perfusion

67
Q

As O2 binds, Hb affinity for O2…

As O2 is released Hb affinity for O2…

A

Increases

Decreases

68
Q

Hb is fully saturated when..

A

All four heme groups carry O2

69
Q

Hb has greater affinity for ___ than ___ or ___.

A

CO- carbon monoxide

co2/o2

70
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Acidity is proportional to the amt. of oxygen release from Hb; slow breathing

71
Q

CO2 + H20 —> H2CO3 —> H+ + HCO3

carbonic acid bicarbonate ion

A

CO2 & H+ Levels increase, pH weakens the OHb-O2 bond

72
Q

What does hyperventilation do?

A

Stimulates

chemoreceptors in medulla ; increased heart rate

73
Q

Know the 3 ways CO2 can be transported

A

10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to Hb
70% as bicarbonate ions HCO3- in plasma

74
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

As HCO3- rushes out of RBCs, Cl flows in from the plasma

75
Q

Describe hypoventilation

A 
Slow breathing
CO2 accumulates in blood
 pH drops
respiratory acidosis. 
[opposite effect in hyperventilation]
76
Q

What neurons are involved in neurons

A

medulla & pons

77
Q

Pontine center & dorsal respiratory group influence what?

A

Ventral respiratory group; tidal breathing; ‘pacemaker’

78
Q

Define apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing, when CO2 is low

79
Q

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant

A

CO2; rise in CO2=Fall in pH

80
Q

When does O2 become the most powerful stimulant

A

when you’re about to die

81
Q

what saturates blood?

A

oxygen

A&P 2 TEST #3 (2 decks)

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