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Lecture Exam 3 Chapters > Chapter 22 Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

drain interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids absorbed by the GI tract, facilitate immune response

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2
Q

What components make up the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and thoracic ducts

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3
Q

What is the difference between lymph and plasma

A

plasma carries proteins, lymph does not

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4
Q

What drives lymph movement into the lymphatic capillaries

A

lymph fluid is the fluid that is remaining in the interstitial fluid and is driving into the lymphatic system via hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

List the order of the lymphatic pathway beginning with the lymphatic capillaries and ending with the emptying into the subclavian veins.

A

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, collecting ducts and subclavian veins

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6
Q

List the two collecting ducts and where they empty.

A

Right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian. Thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian.

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7
Q

Of the collecting ducts, which one is longer and larger?

A

thoracic duct

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8
Q

Describe a lymphatic capillary and a lymphatic vein.

A

Lymphatic capillaries are a bit larger than blood capillaries and have a unique one-way structure. Lymphatic vessels resemble blood veins in structure but have thinner walls and more valves.

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9
Q

How are lymphatic veins similar to cardiovascular veins?

A

they have vessels and require assistance to push lymph throughout the system

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10
Q

Explain the obstruction of movement of lymph

A

Lymphatic fluid is moved by pressure in the interstitial space and the milking action of the skeletal muscle contraction and respiratory movements. An obstruction or malfunction of lymph flow leads to edema.

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11
Q

List the primary lymph organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus

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12
Q

What does immunocompetent mean?

A

the stem cell is capable of mounting an immune response

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13
Q

List the secondary lymphatic organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils

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14
Q

What is/are the main function(s) of the thymus

A

the maturation and education of T-cells

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15
Q

What happens to the thymus when one ages

A

it shrinks

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16
Q

what is the function of the lymph node

A

filters lymph

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17
Q

What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen? White pulp?

A

The spleen filters blood. The red pulp stores platelets and old RBC’s are destroyed. The white pulp consists of WBC’s that carry out immune function.

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18
Q

Differentiate between innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) defenses.

A

The innate defense is non-specific and non-adaptive and is present at birth. The adaptive immunity defense is the ability of the body to adapt defenses against the antigens of specific bacteria, virus, foreign tissues, even toxins.

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19
Q

List the 5 steps of phagocytosis

A

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion and killing

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20
Q

How does fever contribute to the non-specific (innate) response

A

speeds up body reactions, increases the effects of endogenous antimicrobials, sequesters nutrients from microbes

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21
Q

What is inflammation

A

defensive response of almost all body tissues to damage of any kind

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22
Q

What are the 4 characteristic signs of inflammation

A

redness, pain, heat and swelling

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23
Q

What are the three stages of inflammation

A

vasodilation, emigration, tissue repair

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24
Q

What is the difference between antigens and antibodies

A

Antigens are substances that provoke an immune response in the body, they are foreign to the body. Antibodies are produced to “mark” the antigen for destruction

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25
Q

What are 2 properties distinguish adaptive versus innate immunity

A

specificity and memory

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26
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells (APC’S)? Give examples

A

These cells “present” the antigen to show the body what to look for. Examples are macrophages, B-cells and dendritic cells

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27
Q

What is a helper T (CD4)?

A

The “commander” cell

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28
Q

What is a cytotoxic T (CD8) cell and what does it do?

A

It destroys the antigen and creates memory cytotoxic cells

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29
Q

Explain the difference between the cellular immune response and the humoral response

A

Cell-mediated immunity is driven by the cells. It is the process of CD4 communicating with CD8 to destroy the antigen. Humoral response is when CD4 cell communicates with the B-cell producing memory B-cells and plasma cells. The plasma cells create antibodies

30
Q

What is a plasma cell

A

A B-cell that creates antibodies

31
Q

What are the MHC molecules

A

markers on the cell body

32
Q

Where are MHC class 1 (MHC-I) molecules found?

A

almost on all body cells

33
Q

Where are MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules found?

A

Only on antigen present cells (APC’s)

34
Q

What is meant by clonal selection

A

When a white blood cell proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

35
Q

What are effector cells

A

active helper T cells, active cytotoxic T cells, plasma cells

36
Q

What are memory cells

A

Do not participate in the initial immune response but are able to respond to a subsequent exposure- proliferating and differentiating into more effector and memory cells

37
Q

What are cytokines

A

chemicals that send a signal or communicate to another cell (ex- interleukin 1)

38
Q

List three methods of how antibodies work

A

neutralizing a bacterial or viral antibody, or a toxin by covering the binding sites and causing agglutination and precipitation; activating the classical complement pathway; enhancing phagocytosis

39
Q

What are the five antibody types

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

40
Q

What is important about IgG

A

main antibody body found in the body, crosses the placental barrier; secondary response and remains for life

41
Q

What is important about IgA

A

found in secretions; why breast milk is important

42
Q

What is important about IgM

A

primary response; 1st antibody we make; it is made quickly and does not last in our body long

43
Q

What is important about IgE

A

found in allergic reactions; causes eosinophils/basophils to release histamine

44
Q

What is important about IgD

A

no idea what it does

45
Q

Explain the difference between primary immune response and secondary immune response

A

Primary immune is response if from the first exposure to an antigen. IgM is produced. Secondary immune is response from a second exposure from an antigen, IgG is used.

46
Q

What is meant by naturally acquired active immunity?

A

acquired a disease and produced your own antibodies (IgG)

47
Q

What is meant by artificially acquired active immunity

A

artificially acquired the disease but you made your own antibodies (flu-shot)

48
Q

What is meant by naturally acquired passive immunity

A

got the antibody but didn’t stay- breastfeeding

49
Q

What is meant by artificially acquired passive immunity

A

acquire disease from an outside source, get some else’s antibodies

50
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

an overreaction of the immune system

51
Q

What is meant by immunodeficiency?

A

the immune system is not working properly

52
Q

What is meant by autoimmunity?

A

the immune system attacks itself

53
Q

What does auto- mean?

A

self

54
Q

What does immune- mean?

A

free, exempt

55
Q

What does -gen mean?

A

become, be produced

56
Q

What does humor- mean?

A

moisture, fluid

57
Q

What does nod- mean?

A

knot

58
Q

What does patho- mean?

A

disease, sickness

59
Q

List examples of innate mechanisms

A

External, physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes. It also includes various internal defenses, such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever

60
Q

What do physical barriers do in regards to innate mechanisms?

A

physical barriers keep antigens out

61
Q

What do interferons do?

A

protect uninfected host cells from viral infection

62
Q

What does complement do?

A

“candy coats” bacteria so it is easier to swallow for phagocytes (opsonization) and punches holes in the bacteria to help destroy them

63
Q

How does cilia contribute to innate defenses?

A

trap and remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract

64
Q

How does lacrimal apparatus contribute to innate defenses?

A

tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes

65
Q

How does saliva contribute to innate defenses?

A

washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes from mouth

66
Q

How does urine contribute to innate defenses?

A

washes microbes from urethra

67
Q

How does defecation/vomiting contribute to innate defenses?

A

expel microbes from body

68
Q

How does sebum contribute to innate defenses?

A

forms protective acidic film over skin surface that inhibits growth of many microbes

69
Q

How does lysozymes contribute to innate defenses?

A

antimicrobial substance in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions and tissue fluids

70
Q

How does gastric juice contribute to innate defenses?

A

destroys bacteria and most toxins in the stomach

71
Q

How does vaginal secretions contribute to innate defenses?

A

slight acidity discourages bacterial growth; flush microbes out of vagina

Lecture Exam 3 Chapters (2 decks)

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