Chapter 22 (Gluconeogenesis)

Question 1

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of ___ from ___ and occurs primarily in the ___

Answer 1

glucose
non-carbohydrate precursors
liver

Question 2

Pyruvate to PEP

Answer 2

Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
Oxaloacetate
- PEP Carboxykinase (PEPCK)
PEP

Question 3

When we use Carboxylase we always need

Answer 3

Biotin (CO2 carrier) and ATP

Question 4

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Answer 4

Combines Pyruvate and HCO3 to create Oxaloacetate (OAA)
Occurs in the Mitochondria 
Requires HCO3 and ATP
Produces ADP and Pi
Irreversible

Question 5

All of glycolysis occurs in the ___ and pyruvate ends up in the ___

Answer 5

cytosol

mitochondria

Question 6

PEP Carboxykinase

Answer 6

The removal of a CO2 and addition of a phosphate group onto Oxaloacetate to create PEP
First committed step of gluconeogenesis
Can occur in both the mitochondria and the cytosol
Requires GTP
Produces GDP and CO2
Irreversible

Question 7

Because of this enzyme GTP is equivalent to ATP

Answer 7

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (use GTP instead of NTP)

Question 8

___ (metabolite) cannot leave the mitochondria

Answer 8

Oxaloacetate

Can be converted into Malate or Aspartate if PEPCK is found in the cytosol

Question 9

The transport of malate to outside of the mitochondria requires ___ while the transport of ___ does not

Answer 9

NADH equivalents

Aspartate

Question 10

We need a transport ___ to get in and out of the mitochondria

Answer 10

protein

Question 11

Malate Dehydrogenase

Answer 11

Turns Oxaloacetate into Malate 
Requires NADH + H
Produces NAD+
Reversible
Malate then leaves the mitochondria and uses the same enzyme to go back to Oxaloacetate

Question 12

Cytosolic NADH can come from

Answer 12

Transport of Malate out of the mitochondria

From anaerobic glycolysis in the muscle

Question 13

Hydrolytic reactions release only ___ rather than converting ___ to ___

Answer 13

Pi

ADP to ATP

Question 14

Glucose-6-phosphatase is found in the ___

Answer 14

liver

Reason why gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the liver

Question 15

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Answer 15

Reciprocal reaction to hexokinase

Used in gluconeogenesis

Question 16

Fructose Bisphosphatase

FBPase

Answer 16

Reciprocal reaction to Phosphofructo kinase (PFK)

Used in gluconeogenesis

Question 17

Pyruvate carboxylase + PEP carboxykinase

Answer 17

Reciprocal reaction to Pyruvate Kinase

Used in gluconeogenesis

Question 18

It costs ___ ATP to go through gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

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