Chapter 22-end and Chapter 23 end Flashcards
Describe the activation of B cells
Usually occurs in secondary lymphatic structures after 1st exposure to antigen. Clones of activated plasma cells and B cells are formed.
Describe the effector response of activated B-cells
Binding of antigen-binding site of an antibody with antigen causes: neutralization; agglutination; and precipitation. The exposed Fc partion following antigen binding by antibody promotes: complement fixation; opsonization; and activation of NK cells.
Explain the role of Helper-Tcells in B-cell activation
During the 2nd stimulation of B-cells, Helper T-cells release IL-4 to stimulate the B-cell.
Describe the structure of antibodies
Y-shaped, soluble protrein composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains & two identical light chains, w/flexibility at the hinge region.
Constant segment of antibody
Contains the Fc region, which is the portion of the antibody that determines the biological functions of the antibody.
Various segment of antibody
Located at the end of the “arms.” Contains the antigen binding site. Most have 2 sites, which allow antibody to bind to two antigenic determinants.
Describe the actions of antibodies.
They target specific antigens and “tag” them for elimination.
What is immunologic memory?
Memory is a significant feature of acquired immunity that protects us from subsequent exposures to a given antigen.
Primary response of immunologic memory.
Exposure to a specific antigen in the form of an active infection or a vaccine. It is the measurable response of antibody production, or titer. The lag phase (no detectable antibody in blood) may last 3-6 days. Production of antibody occurs within 1-2 weeks.
Secondary response of immunologic memory
Can occur after varying lengths of time following the 1st exposure.THere is a much shorter lag phase and antibody levels rise much faster than in the 1st response.
Natural active immunity
Individual is directly exposed to the antigen of an infectious agent.
Natural passive immunity
Occurs from the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus across the placenta or to the baby in mother’s breastmilk.
Artificial active immunity
Exposure to a pathogen through a vaccine.
Artificial Passive Immunity
When serum containing antibodies against a specific antigen is transferred from one individual to another.
Describe the structure of alveoli
Alveoli are saccular outpocketings that are lined by a simple squamous epithelium.. They abut one another. Alveolar pores are small openings in the walls between some adjacent alveoli. BLood capillaries surround each alveolus. Alveolar wall is made up of two cell types, alveolar type I cells (a squamous alveolar cell) and alveolar type II cells (that secrete pulmonary surfactant. A third cell is the alveolar macrophage.
Pulmonary ventilation
movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.
Alveolar gas exchange (external respiration)
The exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and the blood.
Gas transport
The transport of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells of the body.
Systemic gas exchange (internal respiration)
The exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and systemic cells of the body.
Describe the major factors that affect air flow
The major factors that affect air flow are pressure gradients and resistance.
Types of resistance
1) a decreased in the elasticity of the chest wall and lungs; 2) a change in the bronchiole diameter or the size of the passageway through which air moves; 3) the collapse of the alveoli.
How is airflow regulated.
Airflow is regulated by the PNS (bronchoconstriction) and the SNS (bronchodilation).
What is ventilation-perfusion?
The abilities of bronchioles and arterioles to contract and relax to regulate airflow in order to maximize gas exchange.
Describe the transport of oxygen in the blood.
98% of oxygen must be transported within erythrocytes where it attaches to the iron w/in hemoglobin molecules (oxyhemoglobin) Less than 2% is dissolved in the plasma.
Describe the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood.
1)About 7% is dissolved in the plasma; 2) 23% attaches to the globin portion of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin); and 3) 70% is transported as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma.
Formula for Vital capacity
TV + IRV + ERV
Formula for Total Lung Capacity
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Formula for Minute Volume
(TV) * (breaths/minute)
