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Medic - Exam 5 > Chapter 22 - Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Aberrant

A

Abnormal

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2
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

Corresponds with the onset of the QRS complex to approximately the peak of the T wave; cardiac cells cannot be stimulated to conduct an electrical impulse, no matter how strong the stimulus.

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3
Q

Accessory Pathway

A

An ext a bundle of working myocardial tissue that forms an connection between the atria and ventricles outside the normal conduction system

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4
Q

Action Potential

A

A five-phase cycle that reflects the difference in the concentration of these charged particles across the cell membrane at any given time

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5
Q

Acute Arterial Occlusion

A

A sudden blockage of arterial blood flow that occurs because of thrombus, embolus, tumor, direct trauma to an arty, or an unknown cause

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6
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A

A term used to describe ischemic chest discomfort. ACSs consist of three major syndromes: unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI

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7
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood

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8
Q

Amplitude

A

Height (voltage) of a waveform on the ECG.

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9
Q

Anasarca

A

Massive generalized body edema

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10
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized dilation or bulging of a blood vessel wall or wall of a heart chamber

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11
Q

Anginal Equivalents

A

Symptoms of myocardial ischemia other than chest pain or discomfort

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12
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest discomfort or other related symptoms of sudden onset that may occur because the increased oxygen dement of the heart temporarily exceeds the blood supply

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13
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

Medications used to correct irregular heart beats and slow hearts that beat too fast

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14
Q

Aortic Valve

A

SL valve on the left of the heart; separates the left ventricle from the aorta

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15
Q

Apex of the Heart

A

Lower portion of the heart, tip of the ventricles (approximately the level of the 5th left intercostal space); points leftward, downward and forward

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16
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Term often used interchangeably with dysrhythmia; any disturbance or abnormality in a normal rhythmic pattern; any cardiac rhythm other than a sinus rhythm

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17
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

A chronic disease of the arterial system characterized by abnormal thickening and heartening of the vessel walls

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18
Q

Asystole

A

A total absence of ventricular electrical activity

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19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A form of arteriosclerosis in which the thickening and hardening of the vessel walls are caused by a buildup of fatty deposits in thinner lining of large and middle-sized muscular arteries (from athero, meaning gruel or paste, and sclerosis, meaning hardness)

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20
Q

Artifact

A

Distortion of an ECG tracing by electrical activity that is non cardiac in origin (e.g., electrical interference, poor electrical conduction, patient movement)

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21
Q

Ascites

A

Marked abdominal swelling from a buildup of guild in the peritoneal cavity.

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22
Q

Asynchronous Pacemaker

A

Fixed-rate pacemaker that continuously discharges at a preset rate regardless of the patents intrinsic activity

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23
Q

Atria

A

Two upper chambers of the heart

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24
Q

Atrioventricular Junction

A

The AV node and the non branching portion of the bundle of His

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25
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

A group of cells that conduct an electrical impulse through the heart; located in the floor of the right atrium immediately behind the tricuspid valve and near the opening of the coronary sinus

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26
Q

Atrioventricular Sequential Pacemaker

A

Type of dual-chamber pacemaker that stimulates first the atrium, then the ventricle, mimicking normal cardiac physiology

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27
Q

Atrioventricular Valve

A

Valve located between each atrium and ventricle; the tricuspid separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, and the mitral (bicuspid) separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

28
Q

Augmented Limb Lead

A

Leads aVR, aVL, and aVF; these leads record the difference in electrical potential at one location relative to zero potential rather than relative to the electrical potential of another extremity, as in the bipolar leads

29
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to initiate an electrical impulse spontaneously without being stimulated from another source

30
Q

Axis

A

Imaginary line joining the positive and negative electrodes of a lead

31
Q

Baseline

A

Straight line recorded on ECG graph pear when no electrical activity is detected

32
Q

Base of the Heart

A

Top of the heart; located at approximately the level of the second intercostal space

33
Q

Biphasic

A

Waveform that is partly positive and partly negative

34
Q

Bipolar Limb Leads

A

ECG lead consisting of positive and negative electrode; a pacing lead with 2 electrical poles that are external from the pulse generator; the negative pole is located at the extreme distal tip of the pacing lead, and the positive pole is located several millimeters proximal to the negative electrode. The stimulating pulses delivered through the negative electrode

35
Q

Blocked Premature Atrial Complex

A

PAC not followed by a QRS complex

36
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate slower that 60 bpm

37
Q

Bruit

A

Blowing or swishing sound created by the turbulence within a blood vessel

38
Q

Bundle Branch Block (BBB)

A

Abnormal conduction of an electrical impulse through either the right or let bundle branches

39
Q

Bundle of His

A

Fibers located in the upper portion of the intraventricular septa that conducts an electrical impulse through the heart

40
Q

Burst

A

Three or more sequential ectopic beats; also referred to as a salvo

41
Q

Calibration

A

Regulation of an ECG machine’s stylus sensitivity so that 1 mV electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly 10mm

42
Q

Capture

A

Ability of a pacing stimulus to depolarize successfully the cardiac chamber being paced; with one-to-one capture, each pacing stimulus results in depolarization of the appropriate chamber

43
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Absence of cardiac mechanical activity, confirmed by the absence of a detectable pulse, unresponsiveness, and apnea or atonal, gasping respiration

44
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Period from the beginning of one heart-beat to the beginning of the next; normally consisting of PQRST waves, complexes and intervals

45
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

Amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart

46
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

A condition in which heart muscle function is severely impaired, leading to decreased cardiac output and inadequate tissue perfusion

47
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A disease of the heart muscle

48
Q

Cardiovascular Disorders

A

A collection of diseases and conditions that involve the heart and blood vessels

49
Q

Cholinergic

A

Having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the autonomy nervous system

50
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Thin strands of fibrous connective tissue that extend from the AV valves to the papillary muscles that prevent the AV valves from bulging back into the atria during ventricular systole (contraction)

51
Q

Chronotropism

A

A change in heart rate

52
Q

Circumflex Artery

A

Division of the left coronary artery

53
Q

Compensatory Pause

A

Pause for which the normal beat after a premature complex occurs when expected; also called a complete pause

54
Q

Complex

A

Several waveforms

55
Q

Conduction System

A

A system of pathways in the heart composed of specialized electrical (pacemaker) cells

56
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability of a cardiac cell to receive an electrical stimulus and conduct that impulse to an adjacent cardiac cell

57
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of cardiac cells to shorten, causing cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus

58
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Disease of the arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood.

59
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Disease of the coronary arteries and their resulting complications, such as angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction

60
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

Venous drain for the coronary circulation into the right atrium

61
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary disease

62
Q

Couplet

A

Two consecutive premature complexes

63
Q

Current

A

Flow of electrical charge from one point to another

64
Q

Cystic Medial Degeneration

A

A connective tissue disease in which the elastic tissue and smooth muscle fibers of the middle arterial layer degenerate

65
Q

Cytokines

A

Protein molecules produced by white blood cells that act as chemical messengers between cells

66
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

Presence of a clot in the deep veins of the extremities

Medic - Exam 5 (2 decks)

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