Chapter 22 Flashcards
Which of the following events occurred first?
A) Watt invented modern steam engine.
All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except
B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain.
Early textile factories in Britain worked with
A) cotton.
The first modern factories arose in the
C) textile industry.
Richard Arkwright is best known for his invention of
D) the water frame.
All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except
D) a reduction in child labor.
Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories
B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce
In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back.
Wood
The earliest steam engines were
A) used to pump water out of coal mines.
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was
D) James Watt’s steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s.
James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of early steam engines by
B) adding a separate condenser.
The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour.
A. Sixteen
The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour.
A) sixteen
According to the text, the world’s first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran between
D) Liverpool and Manchester.
By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad
A) created national markets.
The men who built the European railroads were typically
C) rural laborers and peasants.
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
A) industrial dominance of Britain.
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that
C) population always grew faster than the food supply.
David Ricardo formulated the
E) iron law of wages.
According to the table “Per Capita Levels of Industrialization,” which countries were closest behind Britain in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century?
E) Belgium and the United States.
______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century.
E) All European states
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except the
D) scarcity of human capital.
William Cockerill was
C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.
Railroad construction on the continent
B) featured varying degrees of government involvement.
Friedrich List was an early proponent of
D) economic nationalism.
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the
B) establishment of limited liability investment.
Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital.
A) family and friends
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
B) the British middle classes were guilty of “mass murder” and “wholesale robbery.”
Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that
B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820.
In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as ___________ because so many workers took the day off.
Saint Monday
The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry to factory work was
D) a new tempo and discipline.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
B) usually a response to the wishes of the families.
The Factory Act of 1833
C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day.
Scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution revolves around
A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors.
The Mines Act of 1842
B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten.
The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the
D) Combination Acts of 1799.
The key demand of the Chartist movement was
A) that all men have the right to vote.
The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented
C) skilled machinists.
Early socialists often drew inspiration from
a. the emergency measures of 1793 and 1794
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
a. were guided by the principle of the balance of power
The peace settlement arranged at Vienna in 1815 included all of the following except
c. national self-determination
The Holy Alliance included
e. Austria, Russia, and Prussia
Austria and France intervened in Italy and Spain, respectively, in order to
b. suppress liberal and nationalistic revolutions in both areas
The Carlsbad Decrees
b. instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
d. Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its difference ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
The demands of liberalism included included all of the following except
a. social welfare reform
The success of the Revolution of 1830 was due primarily to
d. revolutionary actions of the artisans, shopkeepers, and workers of Paris
In 1815 Napoleon escaped from the island of
Elba
According to the text, industrialization facilitated the spread of nationalism because
b. newly arrived workers in cities required a common national language in which to communicate
Metternich was Austrian foreign minister from
a. 1809 to 1848
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
d. Great Britain, France, and Russia
Early French socialists believed in all of the following except
d. violent class warfare
Which French socialist participated in the provisional government formed in Paris after the February 1848 abdication of King Louis Philippe?
c. Louis Blanc
According to the text, one of Karl Marx’s most important criticisms of the French Utopian socialists was
e. that their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
b. by violent revolution
The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be
c. as little government intervention in the economy as possible
According to Joseph Proudhon, property was
b. profit stolen from workers
Germaine de Stael’s On Germany
a. argued French artists and writers to embrace German Romanticism
Count Henri de Sant-Simon believed that
a. the key to progress was proper social organization
George Sand’s novel Lelia explored
d. her own quest for sexual and personal freedom
Eugene Delacroix’s greatest masterpiece celebrated the
a. nobility of popular revolution
Romanticism was, in part, a rejection of
e. classicism
The revisions to the Corn Law in 1815 were intended to
d. protect the economic interests of the aristocracy
The beliefs and aspirations of the Romantics included all of the following except
e. a rejection of nature
As a result of the English Reform Bill of 1832,
a. the Commons became the most important legislative body
The Battle of Peterloo refers to the
b. working class demonstration that was broken up by cavalry charges
The repeal of the Corn Laws ushered in an era of
c. free trade
The most important factor influencing the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain was
e. political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
Marx’s theory of historical evolution was built on the philosophy of
a. Hegel
The “winners” of the Revolution of 1830 in France were the
d. notables
All of the following were causative factors of the Revolution of 1848 except
d. the closing of the national workshops
The act that precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in Paris was
e. Charles X’s repudiation of the Constitutional Charter
In 1848, revolution in the Austrian Empire began in
a. Hungary
The Hapsburg monarchy exploited ______ divisions to defeat the revolutionary coalition
b. ethnic
The Hapsburg monarchy exploited ______ divisions to defeat the revolutionary coalition
b. ethnic
After Austria, _______ was the most important German state
b. Prussia
The National Assembly that met in Frankfurt in 1848 was made up of all of the following except
a. labor union leaders
