Chapter 22

Question 1

Oxidizing Agents

Answer 1

• Nonmetals on right side of periodic table
  
  • Oxidize other substances while they are themselves being reduced

Question 2

Silicates

Answer 2

Covalent atomic solids containing Silicon, Oxygen, and various metal atoms.

Example: rocks, clays, and soils contain silicates.

Question 3

Quartz

Answer 3

SiO₂

• generally called silica.
• each Si atom is in a tetrahedron surrouned by four O atoms, these connecting the corners of two tetrahedrons.

Question 4

Alluminosilicates

Answer 4

Family of compounds in which aluminum atoms substitute for silicon atoms in some of the lattice sites of the silica structure.

Question 5

Orthosilicates

Answer 5

Silicates in which tetrahedral SO₄^4- ions stand alone.

Question 6

Pyrosilicates (aka sorosilicates)

Answer 6

Two tetrahedrons share one corner thus forming the disilicate ion, Si₂O₇^6-

Question 7

Pyroxenes (inosilicates)

Answer 7

Many of the tetrahedrons bond together creating chains.

Question 8

Boranes

Answer 8

• Compounds composed of boron and hydrogen.
• Form many unique cluster, cagelike, and netlike structures.

Question 9

Closo-boranes

Answer 9

• B_<em>n</em>H_n^2-
• Form fully closed polyhedrons with triangular sides

Question 10

Nido-boranes

Answer 10

• B_<em>n</em>H_n+4
• Consist of a cage of boron atoms missing one corner.

Question 11

Arachno-boranes

Answer 11

• BnH_n+6
• Consist of a cage of boron atoms that is missing two or three corners

Question 12

Graphite

Answer 12

• Structure consists of flat sheets of carbon atoms bonded together as interconnected hexagonal rings.
• Covalent bonds within the sheets are strong, though interactions between the sheets are weak.

Question 13

Coal

Answer 13

• noncrystalline form of Carbon.
• formed from the decomposition of ancient plant material.

Question 14

Carbonization

Answer 14

• Reaction occurs under high pressure in the presece of water and absence of air.
  *

Question 15

Coke

Answer 15

• Formed from the heating of coal in the absense of air.
• Composed primarily of carbon and ash.
• Used in the steel industry for the reduction of iron ore to iron.

Question 16

Charcoal

Answer 16

Produced by heating wood in the absence of air.

Question 17

Activated Carbon (activated charcoal)

Answer 17

Very fine carbon particles with high surface areas.

Question 18

Soot

Answer 18

An amorphous form of carbon that forms during the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.

H_xC_y (s) + O₂ (g) → H₂O (g) + CO₂ (g) + CO (g) +C (s)

Question 19

Carbon Black

Answer 19

• Fine, powdered form of carbon.
• Componenet of soot.
• Strengthener for rubber tires.

Question 20

Fullerenes

Answer 20

• Nickname: buckyballs.
• Black solids at room temp.
  
  • individual clusters held todether by dispersion forces.
• Soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Question 21

Nanotubes

Answer 21

Consist of sheets of interconnected C₆ rings that assume the shape of a cylinder.

Question 22

Carbides

Answer 22

• Binary compounds composed of carbon combined with less electronegative elements.

Question 23

Ionic Carbides

Answer 23

Compounds composed of carbon and a low-EN metal (alkali or alkaline earth).

Most contain the acetylide ion (C₂^2-)

Question 24

Covalent Carbides

Answer 24

Compounds composed of carbon and low-electronegativity nonmetals or metalloids

Question 25

Metallic Carides

Answer 25

Compounds composed of carbon and metals that have a metallic lattice with holes small enough to fit carbon atoms

Question 26

White Phosphorus

Answer 26

Isolated by distilling urine.

Question 27

Red Phosphorus

Answer 27

• Formed when heating white phosphorus in the absence of air.
• Amorphous.

Question 28

Black Phosphorus

Answer 28

Obtained by heating white phosphorus under pressure.

Question 29

Haber-Bosch Process

Answer 29

The industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.