CHAPTER 21 (WEEK 7) INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACOLOGY OF CNS DRUGS

Question 1

An increase in chloride conductance is the most important result of the activation of:

Answer 1

GABAA receptors

Question 2

Drugs that act on the ___________ are the most commonly prescribed drugs in current use

Answer 2

Central Nervous System

Question 3

Electrically excitable cells that process and transmit information via an electrochemical process

Answer 3

Neurons

Question 4

hair-like or tree-like projection. It receives information from the previous cells.

Answer 4

Dendrites

Question 5

specialized gaps between two cells where the passage of information usually happens.

Answer 5

Synapse

Question 6

main supporting cell in the CNS. Its function is to remove excess neurotransmitters. They also serve as fuel depo or reserve so they store glycogen. They are a component of the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 6

Astrocytes

Question 7

these are the macrophages in the CNS.

Answer 7

Microglia

Question 8

these cells help produce the cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 8

Ependymal cells

Question 9

Protective separation of the circulating blood from the extracellular fluid of the CNS that limits the penetration of substances.

Answer 9

Blood-Brain Barrier

Question 10

Responds to changes in the membrane potential
and are Highly concentrated in the initial segment of the axon and Initiate all-or-nothing action potential

Answer 10

Voltage-gated channels

Question 11

Aka Ionotropic receptors. Neurotransmitter receptor. Binding of ligands opens the channel

Answer 11

Ligand-gated channels

Question 12

two main types of receptors

Answer 12

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND
METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS

Question 13

propagate down the axon from the dendrite, it will activate voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels

Answer 13

Action potentials

Question 14

promotes the fusion of synaptic vesicles (where neurotransmitters are stored) with the presynaptic membrane

Answer 14

Increase in intracellular calcium

Question 15

are released in the synaptic cleft and diffuse on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters

Question 16

TWO ROLE OF ION CURRENT CARRIED BY THE CHANNEL

Answer 16

Excitatory (depolarizing) postsynaptic potentials and Inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) postsynaptic potentials

Question 17

Most therapeutically important CNS drugs act mainly on the

Answer 17

Synapses

Question 18

TWO CELLULAR ORGANIZATIONS OF THE BRAIN

Answer 18

HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS AND DIFFUSE NEURONAL SYSTEM

Question 19

Includes all the pathways directly involved in sensory perception & motor control
Are Delimited in their distribution and Contain large, myelinated, rapidly conducting fibers

Answer 19

HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS

Question 20

Two excitatory Neurons

Answer 20

Glutamate and Aspartate

Question 21

Two Inhibitory Neurons

Answer 21

GABA and Glycine

Question 22

inhibitory neuron in the brain

Answer 22

GABA

Question 23

inhibitory neuron in the spine

Answer 23

Glycine

Question 24

Broadly distributed and Are Fine, unmyelinated, and conduct very slowly

Answer 24

Diffuse Neuronal System

Question 25

The first compound to be identified pharmacologically as NTM in the CNS

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

Most CNS responses to Ach are mediated by what muscarinic receptor?

Answer 26

M1

Question 27

Drugs affecting the activity of cholinergic systems in the brain include the _____ and used in Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 27

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Question 28

include the catecholamines (Da & NE) and 5-HT

Answer 28

Monoamine

Question 29

Most famous pathway in Dopaminergic pathways

Answer 29

Nigrostriatal

Question 30

Dopamine has multiple receptors D1-D5, what is the main receptor subtype?

Answer 30

D2

Question 31

The therapeutic action of levodopa is associated with......

Answer 31

Nigrostriatal pathway

Question 32

The therapeutic action of antipsychotics is associated with......

Answer 32

Mesolimbic pathway

Question 33

Where is Norepinephrine located?

Answer 33

locus coeruleus

Question 34

Excitatory effects are produced by what types of receptors

Answer 34

Alpha 1 & Beta 1

Question 35

Inhibitor effects are produced by what types of receptors?

Answer 35

Alpha 2 & Beta 2

Question 36

Originates in the midline raphe nuclei of the pons and upper brain stem

Answer 36

Serotonin

Question 37

In Serotonin, All are metabotropic receptors except for what type of receptor?

Answer 37

5-HT3 receptor

Question 38

In Serotonin, All are metabotropic receptors except for what type of receptor?

Answer 38

5-HT3 receptor

Question 39

Related to Monoamine NTM; a very small amount in CNS

Answer 39

Diamine NTM

Question 40

Location of Histamine in the posterior hypothalamus

Answer 40

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Question 41

Modulate arousal, appetite, and memory

Answer 41

Histamine

Question 42

Blocked by Phencyclidine (PCP) (also known as angel dust) and Ketamine

Answer 42

NMDA receptors

Question 43

An NMDA antagonist and is approved for Alzheimer’s dementia

Answer 43

Memantine

Question 44

Mediates excitatory postsynaptic increase in both Na+ & K+ conductance

Answer 44

AMPA receptors

Question 45

Plays a role in synaptic plasticity related to learning and memory

Answer 45

NMDA receptors

Question 46

Blocked by Domoic acid (marine toxin) that causes excitatory toxicity

Answer 46

Kainate receptors

Question 47

receptors which open Cl- channels

Answer 47

GABA A receptors

Question 48

Activation opens K+ channels

Answer 48

GABA B receptors

Question 49

Blocked by strychnine

Answer 49

GLYCINE receptors

Question 50

Packaged in large, dense cores and synthesized in the cell body

Answer 50

Peptide transmitters

Question 51

Therapeutic actions of ____________________ are mediated via the activation of endogenous peptide receptors

Answer 51

Opioid analgesics

Question 52

Nociceptive sensory pathway

Answer 52

SUBSTANCE P

Question 53

Associated with the sleep-wake cycle & promote wakefulness

Answer 53

OREXINS

Question 54

Primary psychoactive ingredient of cannabis (Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), affects the brain by activating CB1 receptor

Answer 54

ENDOCANNABINOIDS

Question 55

Ligands are not stored but are rapidly synthesized and May affect memory, cognition, and perception

Answer 55

ENDOCANNABINOIDS