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PHARMACOLOGY LEC (MIDTERMS) > ANALYSIS LECTURE > Flashcards

ANALYSIS LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as Adsorption Chromatography

A

Normal Phase Chromatography

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2
Q

most common separation principle in TLC

A

Normal Phase Chromatography

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3
Q

Stationary phase in normal phase

A

Polar (Silica)

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4
Q

the mobile phase in the normal phase

A

Nonpolar (Organic solvents)

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5
Q

most important stationary phase in normal phase chromatography

A

Silica gel

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6
Q

what makes silica more polar?

A

Silanol group

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7
Q

when silica is dry, what interaction does it produce?

A

Strong interaction

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8
Q

To improve the equilibrium of the mobile phase and stationary phase, what to do?

A

Add WATER (polar)

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9
Q

Range Surface area of Silca gel

A

200-800 m2/g

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10
Q

the strongest stationary medium

A

Silica

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11
Q

most ideal silanol. Solo and strong independent silanol

A

Free isolated Silanol

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12
Q

TYPES OF SILICA GROUPS

A

Free isolated silanol, Germinal silanol, Associated silanol, and metal-activated silanol

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13
Q

neighboring groups (OH). it could be unavailable because they can interact with each other. Subject to steric hindrance or crowding effect

A

Germinal Silanol

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14
Q

it is a type of silanol group that is associated with another silanol

A

Associated silanol

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15
Q

INTERACTIONS INVOLVED IN CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

dispersion interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen-bonding interaction, and ionic interaction

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16
Q

interaction between the OH group with another polar compound with the strong dipole moment

A

Dipole-dipole interaction

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17
Q

interaction with an aromatic ring.

A

Dispersion interaction

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18
Q

Main objective of chromatography

A

separation

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19
Q

Stronger interaction has a ____________ retention

A

higher or increased

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20
Q

High retention means ________ to be eluted

A

last

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21
Q

Not desirable interaction since it is strong

A

Ionic interaction

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22
Q

Ionic interaction is _____ to be eluted

A

last

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23
Q

addition of ___________ modifiers prevents ionic interaction.

A

acid/basic modifiers

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24
Q

If there is more than one interaction in a chemical structure, it is the ____ to be eluted

A

last because mas stronger sya

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25
Q

Why do we need a mobile phase?

A

keep analytes in the solution, transport the analyte through the bed or stationary phase, contribute to the separation, and compete with the analytes for the adsorption sites on stationary phase

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26
Q

SILICA IS POLAR OR NONPOLAR?

A

POLAR

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27
Q

Most important separation principle in liquid chromatography

A

REVERSED PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY

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28
Q

Stationary phase in reversed phase

A

Nonpolar

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29
Q

The mobile phase in reversed-phase

A

polar

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30
Q

TLC: normal phase HPLC : ?

A

reversed phase

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31
Q

Typically made of silica derivatized with reagents to form a more or less hydrophobic surface on the silica particle

A

Column packing

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32
Q

most hydrophobic and most nonpolar stationary phase with 18 carbon

A

Octadecyl

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33
Q

the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the more polar or nonpolar?

A

non polar

34
Q

main separation mechanism in reversed-phase

A

Hydrophobic interaction (Van deer Waals forces)

35
Q

in reversed phase, the more non-polar the ______ to be eluted

A

last kasi ang stationary phase is non-polar so if non-polar ang analytes mas mag attract sila ang mas mag stay longer.

36
Q

the process of obstructing the silanol

A

ENDCAPPING

37
Q

Consist of mixtures of water and one or more organic solvents that must be miscible with water

A

MOBILE PHASE IN REVERSED PHASE

38
Q

Increased content of NONPOLAR organic solvent = ______ high or low polarity?

A

low

39
Q

to Control the pH of the mobile phase addition of buffers: Typically _______ on what concentration?

A

0.01 - 0.05 M in conc.)

40
Q

buffer with low solubility, 1st choice, low UV absorbance

A

Phosphate buffer

41
Q

buffer with better solubility

A

Volatile buffers of organic acids

42
Q

Particularly useful for the separation of basic compounds in reversed-phase chromatography

A

Ion-pair chromatography

43
Q

In ion-pair chromatography, all analytes are ________ charged or uncharged?

A

charged

44
Q

100% ionized ion + hydrophobic ion = ?

A

NEUTRAL ION PAIR

45
Q

The ion pair depends on the concentration of the organic modifier. Low concentration = ______ retention

A

high

46
Q

Ion-Pair retention depends on the Nature and concentration of counter ion, High molecular size or high concentration of counter ion = _______________ high or low retention

A

high

47
Q

what is the ideal concentraion under ion pair chromatography

A

1-5mM

48
Q

Promotes destroy ion pair to make it more ionized and retain in stationary phase

A

Counter-ions

49
Q

in the reversed-phase, Silica based stationary phase the pH range is

A

ph 2-8

50
Q

in the reversed-phase, Silica based stationary phase: pH range 2-8, if beyond:

A

Use organic polymers as stationary phase and Ion pair chromatography

51
Q

A technique that allows the separation of ions based on their charge

A

ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

52
Q

In ion exchange chromatography, the stationary phase are the ________

A

exchangers

53
Q

in ion exchange chromatography, the mobile phase are the ______

A

BUFFERS

54
Q

Retention in ion-exchange chromatography depends on the charges of the analyte, more charges= _____ increase or decrease retention?

A

increase

55
Q

Retention in ion-exchange chromatography depends on the sizes of the analyte, smaller size = _________ increase or decrease retention?

A

increase

56
Q

In cation exchange, what are the compounds?

A

Li+, H+, NH4+, K+, Ag+, Mg2+, Zn2+

57
Q

in anion exchange, what are the compounds?

A

CH3COO-, HCOO, Cl-, Br-, H2PO4-, oxalate, citrate

58
Q

What type of Chromatography talks about the Separation of substances by their molecular size (sieving effect)

A

SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY

59
Q

Stationary phase in size exclusion chromatography

A

porous particles with a controlled pose size

60
Q

the mobile phase in size exclusion chromatography. For hydrophobic analytes: __________________
For polar analytes: aqueous (Gel Filtration Chromatography)

A

organic solvents (Gel permeation Chromatography)

61
Q

in size exclusion chromatography, Low size = penetrate the pores = _________ high or low retention,

A

high

62
Q

in ion exchange chromatography, the more buffer, the more _______ weak or strong column

A

strong

63
Q

The simplest chromatographic separation technique

A

thin layer chromatography

64
Q

TLC = Normal phase ; HPLC = ______ phase

A

reversed

65
Q

the volume of sample to be tested in TLC

A

10 MICROLITERS

66
Q

In TLC, the distance between each spot or band must be at least _______

A

1 cm

67
Q

TLC plates can be viewed on ______

A

visible light, UV or fluorescence viewed at 254 nm & 365 nm

68
Q

distance traveled by the analyte/distance traveled by the solvent

A

retardation factor

69
Q

high retention = ______ high or low rf value

A

low

70
Q

2 types of TLC plates

A

normal TLC plates & high performance TLC plates

71
Q

What TLC plate has a stationary phase layer of 0.25 mm thick and w/particle sizes of 5-12 um?

A

normal TLC plate

72
Q

the smaller the particles size = the ________ better or worse separation?

A

better separation

73
Q

what TLC plate has a stationary phase layer of 0.2 to 0.2 mm thick and w/ particle sizes of 2-10 um?

A

high-performance TLC plate

74
Q

what does G in silica gel G represent?

A

gypsum, and it makes the silica more stable

75
Q

Stationary phase in normal phase = SILICA; stationary phase in reversed-phase = ______

A

octadecyl in hydrocarbon chains

76
Q

Mobile phase of the Normal phase states that solvent strength is determine by _______ of the solvent or solvent mixture

A

polarity

77
Q

General Mobile phase recommended by USP

A

chloroform/methanol/water (180:15:1)

78
Q

these analytes are counteracted by adding formic acid or acetic acid

A

Acidic analytes

79
Q

these analytes are counteracted by adding basic components like NH3, triethylamine

A

basic analytes

80
Q

Mobile phase (reversed): __________________
Mobile phase (normal): nonpolar (chloroform/methanol/water)

A

aqueous solvent (water +organic modifier)

81
Q

increase organic modifier = ______________increase or decrease retention

A

decrease

PHARMACOLOGY LEC (MIDTERMS) (5 decks)

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