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PHARMACOLOGY LEC (MIDTERMS) > ANALYSIS LECTURE > Flashcards

ANALYSIS LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as Adsorption Chromatography

A

Normal Phase Chromatography

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2
Q

most common separation principle in TLC

A

Normal Phase Chromatography

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3
Q

Stationary phase in normal phase

A

Polar (Silica)

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4
Q

the mobile phase in the normal phase

A

Nonpolar (Organic solvents)

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5
Q

most important stationary phase in normal phase chromatography

A

Silica gel

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6
Q

what makes silica more polar?

A

Silanol group

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7
Q

when silica is dry, what interaction does it produce?

A

Strong interaction

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8
Q

To improve the equilibrium of the mobile phase and stationary phase, what to do?

A

Add WATER (polar)

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9
Q

Range Surface area of Silca gel

A

200-800 m2/g

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10
Q

the strongest stationary medium

A

Silica

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11
Q

most ideal silanol. Solo and strong independent silanol

A

Free isolated Silanol

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12
Q

TYPES OF SILICA GROUPS

A

Free isolated silanol, Germinal silanol, Associated silanol, and metal-activated silanol

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13
Q

neighboring groups (OH). it could be unavailable because they can interact with each other. Subject to steric hindrance or crowding effect

A

Germinal Silanol

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14
Q

it is a type of silanol group that is associated with another silanol

A

Associated silanol

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15
Q

INTERACTIONS INVOLVED IN CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

dispersion interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen-bonding interaction, and ionic interaction

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16
Q

interaction between the OH group with another polar compound with the strong dipole moment

A

Dipole-dipole interaction

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17
Q

interaction with an aromatic ring.

A

Dispersion interaction

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18
Q

Main objective of chromatography

A

separation

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19
Q

Stronger interaction has a ____________ retention

A

higher or increased

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20
Q

High retention means ________ to be eluted

A

last

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21
Q

Not desirable interaction since it is strong

A

Ionic interaction

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22
Q

Ionic interaction is _____ to be eluted

A

last

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23
Q

addition of ___________ modifiers prevents ionic interaction.

A

acid/basic modifiers

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24
Q

If there is more than one interaction in a chemical structure, it is the ____ to be eluted

A

last because mas stronger sya

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25
Why do we need a mobile phase?
keep analytes in the solution, transport the analyte through the bed or stationary phase, contribute to the separation, and compete with the analytes for the adsorption sites on stationary phase
26
SILICA IS POLAR OR NONPOLAR?
POLAR
27
Most important separation principle in liquid chromatography
REVERSED PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY
28
Stationary phase in reversed phase
Nonpolar
29
The mobile phase in reversed-phase
polar
30
TLC: normal phase HPLC : ?
reversed phase
31
Typically made of silica derivatized with reagents to form a more or less hydrophobic surface on the silica particle
Column packing
32
most hydrophobic and most nonpolar stationary phase with 18 carbon
Octadecyl
33
the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the more polar or nonpolar?
non polar
34
main separation mechanism in reversed-phase
Hydrophobic interaction (Van deer Waals forces)
35
in reversed phase, the more non-polar the ______ to be eluted
last kasi ang stationary phase is non-polar so if non-polar ang analytes mas mag attract sila ang mas mag stay longer.
36
the process of obstructing the silanol
ENDCAPPING
37
Consist of mixtures of water and one or more organic solvents that must be miscible with water
MOBILE PHASE IN REVERSED PHASE
38
Increased content of NONPOLAR organic solvent = ______ high or low polarity?
low
39
to Control the pH of the mobile phase addition of buffers: Typically _______ on what concentration?
0.01 - 0.05 M in conc.)
40
buffer with low solubility, 1st choice, low UV absorbance
Phosphate buffer
41
buffer with better solubility
Volatile buffers of organic acids
42
Particularly useful for the separation of basic compounds in reversed-phase chromatography
Ion-pair chromatography
43
In ion-pair chromatography, all analytes are ________ charged or uncharged?
charged
44
100% ionized ion + hydrophobic ion = ?
NEUTRAL ION PAIR
45
The ion pair depends on the concentration of the organic modifier. Low concentration = ______ retention
high
46
Ion-Pair retention depends on the Nature and concentration of counter ion, High molecular size or high concentration of counter ion = _______________ high or low retention
high
47
what is the ideal concentraion under ion pair chromatography
1-5mM
48
Promotes destroy ion pair to make it more ionized and retain in stationary phase
Counter-ions
49
in the reversed-phase, Silica based stationary phase the pH range is
ph 2-8
50
in the reversed-phase, Silica based stationary phase: pH range 2-8, if beyond:
Use organic polymers as stationary phase and Ion pair chromatography
51
A technique that allows the separation of ions based on their charge
ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
52
In ion exchange chromatography, the stationary phase are the ________
exchangers
53
in ion exchange chromatography, the mobile phase are the ______
BUFFERS
54
Retention in ion-exchange chromatography depends on the charges of the analyte, more charges= _____ increase or decrease retention?
increase
55
Retention in ion-exchange chromatography depends on the sizes of the analyte, smaller size = _________ increase or decrease retention?
increase
56
In cation exchange, what are the compounds?
Li+, H+, NH4+, K+, Ag+, Mg2+, Zn2+
57
in anion exchange, what are the compounds?
CH3COO-, HCOO, Cl-, Br-, H2PO4-, oxalate, citrate
58
What type of Chromatography talks about the Separation of substances by their molecular size (sieving effect)
SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY
59
Stationary phase in size exclusion chromatography
porous particles with a controlled pose size
60
the mobile phase in size exclusion chromatography. For hydrophobic analytes: __________________ For polar analytes: aqueous (Gel Filtration Chromatography)
organic solvents (Gel permeation Chromatography)
61
in size exclusion chromatography, Low size = penetrate the pores = _________ high or low retention,
high
62
in ion exchange chromatography, the more buffer, the more _______ weak or strong column
strong
63
The simplest chromatographic separation technique
thin layer chromatography
64
TLC = Normal phase ; HPLC = ______ phase
reversed
65
the volume of sample to be tested in TLC
10 MICROLITERS
66
In TLC, the distance between each spot or band must be at least _______
1 cm
67
TLC plates can be viewed on ______
visible light, UV or fluorescence viewed at 254 nm & 365 nm
68
distance traveled by the analyte/distance traveled by the solvent
retardation factor
69
high retention = ______ high or low rf value
low
70
2 types of TLC plates
normal TLC plates & high performance TLC plates
71
What TLC plate has a stationary phase layer of 0.25 mm thick and w/particle sizes of 5-12 um?
normal TLC plate
72
the smaller the particles size = the ________ better or worse separation?
better separation
73
what TLC plate has a stationary phase layer of 0.2 to 0.2 mm thick and w/ particle sizes of 2-10 um?
high-performance TLC plate
74
what does G in silica gel G represent?
gypsum, and it makes the silica more stable
75
Stationary phase in normal phase = SILICA; stationary phase in reversed-phase = ______
octadecyl in hydrocarbon chains
76
Mobile phase of the Normal phase states that solvent strength is determine by _______ of the solvent or solvent mixture
polarity
77
General Mobile phase recommended by USP
chloroform/methanol/water (180:15:1)
78
these analytes are counteracted by adding formic acid or acetic acid
Acidic analytes
79
these analytes are counteracted by adding basic components like NH3, triethylamine
basic analytes
80
Mobile phase (reversed): __________________ Mobile phase (normal): nonpolar (chloroform/methanol/water)
aqueous solvent (water +organic modifier)
81
increase organic modifier = ______________increase or decrease retention
decrease

PHARMACOLOGY LEC (MIDTERMS) (5 decks)

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