Chapter 21 vocab Flashcards
genomics
the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)
bioinformatics
the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
human genome project
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
linkage map
A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
physical map
A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.
metagenomics
DNA from a group of species is collected from an environmental sample and sequenced
gene annotation
The identification of protein coding genes within DNA sequences in a database
proteomics
the branch of genetics that studies the full set of proteins encoded by a genome
pseudogenes
A DNA segment very similar to a real gene but which does not yield a functional product; a gene that has become inactivated in a particular species because of mutation.
repetitive DNA
Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome.
transposons
(jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell’s genetic material
retrotransposons
Transposable elements that move within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA.
transposable elements
Genetic element that has the ability to move (transpose) from one site on a chromosome to another.
simple sequence DNA
contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences
short tandem repeats
(STR) simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides. variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles
multi gene families
group of genes that encode related products
evo devo
Evolutionary developmental biology; a field of biology that compares developmental processes of different multicellular organisms to understand how these processes have evolved and how changes can modify existing organismal features or lead to new ones.
homeobox
one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development
Morphogenesis
encompasses the processes that give shape to the organism and its various parts
cell differentiation
cells become specialized in structure and function
genomic equivalence
the same genes
totipotent
cell is one that can generate a complete new organism
nuclear transplantation
the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell
stem cell
a relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types
