Chapter 21 vocab

Question 1

genomics

Answer 1

the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)

Question 2

bioinformatics

Answer 2

the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.

Question 3

human genome project

Answer 3

An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

Question 4

linkage map

Answer 4

A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.

Question 5

physical map

Answer 5

A genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.

Question 6

metagenomics

Answer 6

DNA from a group of species is collected from an environmental sample and sequenced

Question 7

gene annotation

Answer 7

The identification of protein coding genes within DNA sequences in a database

Question 8

proteomics

Answer 8

the branch of genetics that studies the full set of proteins encoded by a genome

Question 9

pseudogenes

Answer 9

A DNA segment very similar to a real gene but which does not yield a functional product; a gene that has become inactivated in a particular species because of mutation.

Question 10

repetitive DNA

Answer 10

Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome.

Question 11

transposons

Answer 11

(jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell’s genetic material

Question 12

retrotransposons

Answer 12

Transposable elements that move within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA.

Question 13

transposable elements

Answer 13

Genetic element that has the ability to move (transpose) from one site on a chromosome to another.

Question 14

simple sequence DNA

Answer 14

contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences

Question 15

short tandem repeats

Answer 15

(STR) simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides. variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles

Question 16

multi gene families

Answer 16

group of genes that encode related products

Question 17

evo devo

Answer 17

Evolutionary developmental biology; a field of biology that compares developmental processes of different multicellular organisms to understand how these processes have evolved and how changes can modify existing organismal features or lead to new ones.

Question 18

homeobox

Answer 18

one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development

Question 19

Morphogenesis

Answer 19

encompasses the processes that give shape to the organism and its various parts

Question 20

cell differentiation

Answer 20

cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 21

genomic equivalence

Answer 21

the same genes

Question 22

totipotent

Answer 22

cell is one that can generate a complete new organism

Question 23

nuclear transplantation

Answer 23

the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell

Question 24

stem cell

Answer 24

a relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types

Question 25

embryonic stem cells

Answer 25

Stem cells isolated from early embryos at the blastocyst stage

Question 26

pluripotent

Answer 26

Adult stem cells able to give rise to multiple but not all cell types

Question 27

Cell determination

Answer 27

precedes differentiation and involves expression of genes for tissue-specific proteins

Question 28

cytoplasmic determinants �

Answer 28

Maternal substances that influence early development �

Question 29

induction�

Answer 29

signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells�

Question 30

Pattern formation

Answer 30

the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs

Question 31

Positional information

Answer 31

the molecular cues that control pattern formation, tells a cell its location relative to the body axes and to neighboring cells

Question 32

maternal effect genes

Answer 32

egg-polarity genes because they control orientation of the egg and consequently the fly

Question 33

Drosophila

Answer 33

Fruit fly

Question 34

Segmentation genes

Answer 34

produce proteins that direct formation of segments after the embryo’s major body axes are formed

Question 35

homeotic genes

Answer 35

master regulatory genes

Question 36

apoptosis�

Answer 36

programmed cell death �

Question 37

chimeras

Answer 37

organisms with a mixture of genetically different cells

Question 38

organ identity genes

Answer 38

determine the types of structures that will grow from a meristem

Question 39

homeobox

Answer 39

An identical or very similar nucleotide sequence has been discovered in the homeotic genes of both vertebrates and invertebrates

Question 40

Danio Rerio

Answer 40

Zebra Fish

Question 41

Mus Musculus

Answer 41

Mouse

Question 42

Arabidopsis

Answer 42

Wall Cress