Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMMRS > Chapter 21: The Fungi > Flashcards

Chapter 21: The Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Yeast

A

Unicellular growth form of fungi
Spherical to ellipsoidal
Budding
Pseudohyphae: do not complete bud, long chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hyphae

A

Threadlike, branching, cylindrical, tubules composed of fungal cells attached end to end
Grow by extending in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Molds

A

Also called Mycelia
Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined branching hyphae
Grow by longitudinal extension and produce spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spores

A

Reproducing bodies of molds

Rarely seen in skin scarpings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

Fungi that can grow as either a yeast or mold
depends on environmental conditions and temperature
Yeast at body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Saprophytes

A

Fungi that live in the utilize organic matter (soil, rotten vegetation) as an energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cell membrane of fungi?

A

Bilayered, innermost layer around fungal cytoplasm
It contains sterols
Ergosterol is essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell wall of fungi

A

Surrounds cell membrane
Mostly carbohydrate with some protein
Potent antigens to human immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Capsule of fungi

A

Polysaccharide coating that surrounds the cell wall
Antiphagocytic virulence factor
Indian ink stain makes visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Extremely superficial fungus infections?

A

Pityriasis versicolor and Tinea nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pityriasis versicolor

A

Chronic superficial fungal infection which leads to hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin
Will not tan with sun
Caused by Malessezia furfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tinea nigra

A

Caused by Exophiala werneckii
Superficial fungal infection
Dark brown to black painless patches on soles of hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dermatophytoses

A

Cutaneous fungal infections
Live in dead, horny layer of skin, hair and nails
Secrete keratinase: digest keratin
Manifest as scaling of the skin, loss of hair, and crumbling of the nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the common dermatophytes?

A

Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tinea corporis

A

Ring-worm

Invades horny layer, fungi spread forming a ring with red, raised border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tinea cruris

A

Jock itch

Itchy red patches on groin and scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the Cutaneous fungal infection of the skin, hair and nails ?

A 
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris
Tinea pedis
Tinea capitis
Tinea unguium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Athlete’s foot
Begins between toes
Causes cracking and peeling of skin
Warmth and moisture needed for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tinea capitis

A

Primarily in children
Grows in hair and scalp
Scaly red lesions with loss of hair
Expanding ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tinea unguium

A

Onychomycosis

Nails thickened, discolored, and brittle

21
Q

Candida albicans

A 
Cutaneous fungal infection 
Causes Candida: 
Mouth - oral thrush
groin - diaper rash
vagina - Candida vaginitis
Cause opportunistic systemic infections
22
Q

Sporothrix schenckii

A

Dimorphic fungi commonly found in soil and on plants Branching Hyphae
Causes: Sporotrichosis - subcutaneous nodule appears, becomes necrotic and ulcerates
Ulcer heals but new nodules pop up nearby and along lymphatic tracts
Gardeners beware!!

23
Q

Phialophora and Cladosporium

A

Causes Chromoblastomycosis: cauliflower warts on skin
Subcutaneous infection caused by the copper-colored soil saprophytes
Puncture wound-small violet wartlike lesion–>
over months to years, more wartlike lesions arise
Looks like cauliflower

24
Q

What are the three fungi that can cause systemic disease in humans? Describe the common characteristics

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatidis
Coccidioides immitis

All are dimorphic fungi
grow as mycelial forms with spores @ 25C
Grow as yeast form @ 37C
In soil the grow as mycelia and release spores into the air –>inhalation

25
Q

Histoplasma and Blastomyces are found where ?

A

endemic to the vast areas that drain into the Mississippi river

HITS and BLASTS holes in Mississippi river

26
Q

Coccidioides are found where?

A

endemic to southwestern U.S and northern Mexico

27
Q

What is the second most common opportunistic infection in AIDS pts who are in Arizona?

A

Coccidioides

28
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatidis, Coccidioides immitis have what 3 clinical presentations?

A

Asymptomatic
Pneumonia: mild, can have fever, cough, chest X-ray infiltrates, granulomas with calcifications
Disseminated: rarely causes meningitis, bone lytic granulomas, skin granulomas, mostly immunocompromised

29
Q

How are Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatidis, Coccidioides immitis not similar to Tuberculosis?

A

No person-person transmission

Fungi with spores, NOT acid-fast bacteria

30
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

nonencapsulated
Bird and bat droppings
Outbreaks of pneumonia occur when cleaning chicken coops or spelunking

31
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

Soil and rotten wood
Rarest systemic fungal infection
Rarely asymptomatic or mild - most chronic disseminated disease with weight loss, night sweats, lung involvement and skin ulcers

32
Q

Coccidioides immitis:

A

commonly causes a mild pneumonia in normal persons in the southwestern US
Common opportunistic infection in AIDS pts from that area

33
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A 
Widespread
more common Cryptococcus to infect humans 
Polysaccharide encapsulated yeast 
Inhaled into lungs 
Usually asymptomatic 
Pigeon droppings
34
Q

What is the major manifestation of cryptococcus neoformans?

A 
Meningoencephalitis
Most occur in immunocormpromised 
Subacute to chronic meningitis with headache, nausea, confusion, staggering gait, CN deficits 
Cerebral edema fatal if left untreated 
Lumbar puncture
35
Q

What does Candida albicans cause in normal hosts?

A

Oral thrush: creamy white exudate with reddish base cover mucous membranes of the mouth
Vaginitis: Vaginal itching and discharge, cottage cheese on wall
Diaper rash: diapers or skin folds on adults become read and macerated

36
Q

What does Candida albicans cause in immunocompromised pts

A

Esophagitis: Burning substernal pain worse with swallow
Disseminated: Retina - multiple white fluffy patches, in bloodstream

37
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus causes what three major types of diseases in humans?

A

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Aspergilloma
Invasive aspergillosis

38
Q

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

A

Spores of aspergillus inhaled
Develop asthma-type reaction
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (IgE-mediated)
Bronchospasms
Also a type 4 reaction with cell-mediated inflammation and lung infiltrates

39
Q

Aspergilloma

A

Person with lung cavitation from tuberculosis or malignancies can grow an aspergillus fungal ball in the cavity

40
Q

Aspergillus and other fungi produce toxins that cause liver damage. what are they called/

A

mycotoxins

Toxin produced by aspergillus is called aflatoxin (peanuts, grains, and rice)

41
Q

Mucormycosis

A

Opportunistic disease caused by mucorales

Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, and Mucor

42
Q

Mucorales molds are found where? Who is at risk?

A

Found everywhere
At risk: those that develop profound acidosis, such as diabetics, the immunocompromised, burn pts, persons taking iron chelator deferoxamine

43
Q

Rhinocerebral and ____ involvement is most common

A

pulmonary

44
Q

Actinomycetes

A 
bacteria acting like fungi 
Procaryotic organisms 
Frequently grow in the form of mycelia 
Water and soil saprophytes 
Acinomyces Israelli 
Nocardia asteroides
45
Q

Actinomyces Israelli

A

Gram positive, beaded, filamentous anaerobic organisms, normal flora
Causes eroding abscesses
Pus is yellow granules called sulfure granules

46
Q

What are the abscesses formed due to Actinomyces?

A

Cervicofacial actinomycosis
Abdominal actinomycosis
Thoracic actinomycosi
Depends on what area of the body the abscess erodes

47
Q

Nocardia asteroides

A

Weakly gram-positive
Partially acid-fast beaded branching thin filaments
Not normal flora
Infections misdiagnosed as tuberculosis bc acid-fast staining and same disease process
Inhaled and produces lung abscesses and cavitations
Brain and other organs can have abscesses when erosion occurs

48
Q

Who is at particular risk for infection of Nocardia ?

A

immunocompromised pts

CMMRS (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions