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Chemistry H > Chapter 21 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

The half-life of cobalt-70 is 5.3 years. How much of a 1.000 mg sample of cobalt-60 is left after 15.9 years?

A

A1=1.000x0.5^15.9/5.3
A1=0.125 mg

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2
Q

Tritium a radioactive isotope of hydrogen has a half-life of 12.3 years. If you begin with 1.5mg of this isotope, how many mg remain after 49.2 years?

A

A1=1.5x0.5^49.2/12.3
A1=.09 mg

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3
Q

Gallium citrate containing the radioactive isotope gallium-67 is used medically as a tumor seeming agent. It has a half life of 77.9 hrs. How much time is needed for a sample of gallium citrate to decay to 10% of its original activity?

A

1/10=0.5^T/77.9
Log (1/10/.5)= T/77.9
T=259 hrs

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4
Q

Technetium-99 a gamma ray emitter is used in medical imaging. A sample of this isotope emits 3.28x10^5 photon/s. After 1.0 hrs the gamma ray emitter has dropped to 2.9x10^5 photons/s. Calculate the half life of technetium-99?

A

Log(2.9x10^5/3.28x10^5)/Log0.5=1.0/t
t1/2= 5.6 hours

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5
Q

Radium decaying by alpha emission

A

Radon+4He2= 226 Ra

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6
Q

Carbon-14 decay by beta emission

A

14carbon6= 0e-1+14N

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7
Q

Xe decays by positron emission

A

118xe=0e1+177I53

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8
Q

Magic Numbers

A

Protons: 2,8,20,28,52,82
Neutrons: 2,8,28,50, 82, 126

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9
Q

Most elements found using fission are…

A

Radioactive

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10
Q

Fusion products are generally…

A

NOT radioactive

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11
Q

Alpha particle

A

4He2

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12
Q

Beta Particle

A

0e-1 (neutron rich)

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13
Q

Position particle

A

0e1 same as electron opposite charge
Neutron poor

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14
Q

Electron capture

A

0e-1 neutron poor

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15
Q

What causes fission?

A

A SLOW moving nêutron striking a nucleus

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16
Q

What are the 3 stable isotopes of Uranium?

A

Uranium-234
Uranium-235
Uranium-238
All have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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17
Q

Which Nuclei are especially stable? Why? 4He2, 40Ca20, 98Tc43

A

He and Ca are the especially stable nuclei because they contain TWO even numbers

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18
Q

As the number of protons increases…

A

The repulsive force also increases

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19
Q

All atoms with an atomic number greater than 83 are…

A

Radioactive

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20
Q

Unstable nuclei are caused by…

A

Having too many or too few neutrons

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21
Q

A nucleus becomes stable by …

A

Emitting radiation through nuclear reactions

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22
Q

A nuclear reaction…

A

Changes the identity of a nucleus

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23
Q

During transmutation

A

Charge and mass will be conserved

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24
Q

Alpha penetration

A

Ability is low, stopped by paper, and dangerous if ingested

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25
Q

Beta penetration

A

Ability is medium and is stopped by clothing

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26
Q

Gamma penetration

A

Ability is high; and is the mos dangerous to the body

27
Q

Transmutation types include…

A

Natural decay, k-emission, fission, and fusion

28
Q

If there is only ONE reactant

A

Alpha, Beta, or position emission

29
Q

Decay series…

A

Is a series of decay steps a parent nuclide takes to become a stable daughter nuclide

30
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Nucleus splits into 2+ fragments and release energy

31
Q

Controlled chain

A

Can be harnessed as nuclear energy

32
Q

Moderator

A

Material that slows down neutrons and speeds up fission (water, and graphite)

33
Q

Fuel rods

A

Contains the radioactive material that fissions and super heats the water

34
Q

Control rods

A

Absorb excess neutrons and keeps them from passing through (boron and cadmium)

35
Q

Containment vessels

A

Sheiks the radiation from escaping into the environment

36
Q

Cooling tower

A

Allows excess heat from the heated water to cool down

37
Q

Spent fuel rods

A

Kept on site in pools until stored in dry casks

38
Q

Nuclear Power PROS:

A
  • more power
  • non-air polluting
  • efficient energy
39
Q

Nuclear power CONS:

A
  • radioactive waste
  • radioactive disposal
  • meltdown
  • 60-70 year operational period
40
Q

When uranium decays into lead, lead is considered…

A

The daughter nuclei

41
Q

In order to use radiometric dating, scientists need to…

A

Measure the rate that radioactive elements decay

42
Q

For scientists to dat rocks, scientists…

A

Measure the ratio of U to Pb

43
Q

When uranium decays into lead, uranium is considered…

A

The parent atom

44
Q

Scientists date the age of the earth by…

A

Radiometric dating using radioisotopes found in rocks

45
Q

The rate of a parent atom decaying into a daughter atom is a …

A

Constant

46
Q

When 50% of the parent atoms become daughters this is called…

A

Half-Life

47
Q

What subatomic particle is necessary to start and keep a fission Chain reaction going

A

Neutron

48
Q

Nuclear Fusion

A

The process in which LIGHT nuclei combine at extremely high temperatures, forming heavier nuclei, and releasing energy

49
Q

Stars are powered by….

A

Nuclear fusion

50
Q

Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of ….

A

Hydrogen

51
Q

Fusion ADVANTAGES:

A

-great weapon
-abundance of fuel
-can make new elements

52
Q

Fusion DISADVANTAGES:

A
  • not able to produce enough energy to sustain the reaction
53
Q

Background radiation

A

The radiation that arises naturally from cosmic rays and from radioisotopes in soil, rocks, food, and air

54
Q

Harmful radiation

A

Prolonged
Genetically mutate or destroy cells
Can cause radiation sickness, hair loss, and cancers
High doses: can cause death within a couple days or weeks

55
Q

To protect yourself from radiation…

A

Limit exposure, clothing, distance, and time of exposure

56
Q

Radioactive decay application

A

Tells us how old rocks and artifacts are; carbon-14 is good for dating specimens

57
Q

Uses in medicine

A

Tracers to diagnose a disease
Can be used to treat cancer
PET scans for brains

58
Q

Uses in food and technology

A

Irrigation roots
Sanitize good
Space exploration and powering of submarine

59
Q

Water reactor. How does it work?

A

A nuclear reacted heats water and prices steam inside the reactor vessel. Water is then pumped through the reactor core and heated by fission. Pipes then feed the steam directly into the turbine to produce electricity

60
Q

The Band Of Stability

A

The band of stability represent the area where stable, non-radioactive isotopes exist based on their ratio of neutrons to protons

61
Q

Geiger muller

A

The GN counter can detect all kinds of radiation such as alpha, gamma, and beta rays

62
Q

Scintillation counter

A

Detects only ionizing radiations

63
Q

Different types of reactors

A
  • pressurized water reactor
  • boiling water reactor
  • advanced gas-cooled reactor
  • light water graphite moderated reactor
    -fast neutron reactor
    -operable nuclear power plants
64
Q

Free radical molecule

A

An atom or like how containing one or more unpaired electrons

Chemistry H (5 decks)

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