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BIO 261 > Chapter 21 Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

The process used for identifying the different carbohydrates of streptococci is called

A. Lancefield grouping.

B. CHO typing.

C. streptococci.

D. fermentation testing.

A

A. Lancefield grouping.

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2
Q

Rebecca Lancefield showed that almost all the strains of b-hemolytic streptococci from human infections

A. could cause rheumatic fever.

B. had the same cell wall carbohydrate “A”.

C. had variable cell wall carbohydrates.

D. responded to penicillin.

A

B. had the same cell wall carbohydrate “A”.

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3
Q

The scientist who developed a system of identifying the variety of strains of streptococci was

A. Hans Zimmer.

B. Donald Sutherland.

C. O. T. Avery.

D. Rebecca Lancefield.

A

D. Rebecca Lancefield.

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4
Q

Enlargement of which of the following structures may contribute to ear infections by interfering with normal drainage from eustachian tubes?

A. nasal chamber

B. nasal conchae

C. epiglottis

D. adenoids

A

D. adenoids

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5
Q

The conjuctivae

A. have no resident bacteria.

B. are often covered with bacteria.

C. are populated with S. aureus.

D. are populated with S. pyogenes.

A

A. have no resident bacteria.

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6
Q

The eyes are protected from infection by

A. the washing action of the tears and eyelids.

B. the chemical action of lysozyme.

C. the use of contact lenses.

D. the dryness of the eye surface.

E. the washing action of the tears and eyelids AND the chemical action of lysozyme.

A

E. the washing action of the tears and eyelids AND the chemical action of lysozyme.

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7
Q

The cause of strep throat is

A. Staphylococcus aureus

B. Streptococcus pyogenes- beta-hemolytic, group A

C. Staphylococcus pyogenes- alpha-hemolytic, group B

D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

B. Streptococcus pyogenes- beta-hemolytic, group A

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8
Q

Which of the following is associated with the upper respiratory system?

A. humidifying inhaled air

B. warming inhaled air

C. cooling inhaled air

D. drying inhaled air

E. humidifying inhaled air AND warming inhaled air

A

E. humidifying inhaled air AND warming inhaled air

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9
Q

Rapid diagnostic tests for streptococcal infections may utilize

A. blood agar.

B. antibodies.

C. DNA probes.

D. the Kirby-Bauer test.

E. antibodies AND DNA probes.

A

E. antibodies AND DNA probes.

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10
Q

Virulence factors used by S. pyogenes may be

A. Protein F.

B. M Protein.

C. a capsule.

D. Protein G.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct

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11
Q

The disease characterized by the appearance of a toxin-mediated rash that spares the area around the mouth and causes the tongue to look like the surface of a ripe strawberry is

A. measles.

B. chickenpox.

C. strep throat.

D. scarlet fever.

A

D. scarlet fever.

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12
Q

A bacteriophage is necessary for toxin production in

A. E. coli.

B. Staphylococcus aureus.

C. Streptococcus pyogenes.

D. C. diphtheriae.

A

D. C. diphtheriae.

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13
Q

Diphtheria toxin works on

A. lysosomes.

B. mitochondria.

C. chloroplasts.

D. elongation factor 2.

A

D. elongation factor 2.

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14
Q

Which is used in the vaccination for C. diphtheriae?

A. protein A

B. M protein

C. toxoid

D. red blood cells

A

C. toxoid

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15
Q

The most common bacterial pathogen(s) involved with sinusitis, otitis media and conjunctivitis is/are

A. S. aureus

B. H. influenzae

C. S. pneumoniae

D. S. epidermidis

E. H. influenzae AND S. pneumoniae

A

E. H. influenzae AND S. pneumoniae

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16
Q

Otitis media and sinusitis are usually preceded by a(n)

A. middle ear infection.

B. pseudomonal infection.

C. oropharyngeal infection.

D. nasopharyngeal infection.

A

D. nasopharyngeal infection.

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17
Q

Otitis media probably develops from an infection that spread

A. from the outer ear to the middle ear.

B. from the sensory neurons of the middle ear.

C. through the tympanic membrane.

D. upward through the eustachian tube.

A

D. upward through the eustachian tube.

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18
Q

The eyes connect directly to the nasal passage through the

A. frontal sinuses.

B. nasolacrimal ducts.

C. middle ear.

D. tonsils.

A

B. nasolacrimal ducts.

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19
Q

Most colds are probably caused by

A. rhinovirus.

B. S. aureus.

C. Pseudomonas sp.

D. E. coli.

A

A. rhinovirus.

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20
Q

Rhinoviruses need to be grown

A. in living cells.

B. in synthetic media.

C. on blood agar.

D. at 33°C.

E. in living cells AND at 33°C.

A

E. in living cells AND at 33°C.

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21
Q

The rhinovirus contains

A. single-stranded RNA.

B. double-stranded RNA.

C. double-stranded DNA.

D. multiple pieces of single-stranded DNA.

A

A. single-stranded RNA.

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22
Q

The reservoir of the common cold is the

A. family pet.

B. human.

C. infected fomite.

D. fruit.

A

B. human.

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23
Q

A vaccine for the common cold is not feasible because

A. the surface antigens of rhinovirus mutate frequently.

B. the cause is unknown.

C. the rhinovirus cannot be grown in sufficient quantities.

D. there are more than 100 types of rhinovirus.

A

D. there are more than 100 types of rhinovirus.

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24
Q

Colds are effectively treated with

A. antibiotics.

B. aspirin and acetaminophen.

C. proteases.

D. nucleotide analogs.

E. None of the choices is correct.

A

E. None of the choices is correct.

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25
Q

Effective preventive methods for avoiding the common cold is/are

A. hand washing.

B. avoiding crowds.

C. not touching one’s face.

D. avoiding close contact with people with colds.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

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26
Q

The disease that closely resembles “strep throat” but is of viral origin is

A. the common cold.

B. otitis media.

C. tonsilitis.

D. adenoviral pharyngitis.

A

D. adenoviral pharyngitis.

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27
Q

Adenoviral pharyngitis is effectively treated with

A. antibiotics.

B. lysozyme.

C. proteases.

D. nucleotide analogs.

E. None of the choices is correct.

A

E. None of the choices is correct.

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28
Q

Which of the following are considered diseases of the lower respiratory tract?

A. diphtheria and pneumonia

B. influenza and diphtheria

C. tuberculosis and pneumonia

D. common cold and tuberculosis

A

C. tuberculosis and pneumonia

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29
Q

About 60% of the bacterial pneumonias that require hospitalization of adults are caused by

A. S. pyogenes.

B. S. pneumoniae.

C. S. aureus.

D. K. pneumonia.

A

B. S. pneumoniae.

30
Q

The characteristic virulence factor of S. pneumoniae is

A. a capsule.

B. flagella.

C. pili.

D. cilia.

A

A. a capsule.

31
Q

The key virulence factor of S. pneumoniae interferes with

A. the action of C3.

B. the action of C3b.

C. the action of C5a.

D. interferon.

A

B. the action of C3b.

32
Q

The pneumococcal vaccine is directed against the

A. flagella.

B. pili.

C. cilia.

D. capsule.

A

D. capsule.

33
Q

Both S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae use this as a virulence factor.

A. pili

B. flagella

C. capsules

D. cilia

A

C. capsules

34
Q

The causative agent of the pneumonia that causes permanent lung damage, may be nosocomial and has a high mortality if untreated is

A. S. pneumoniae.

B. K. pneumoniae.

C. S. pyogenes.

D. S. aureus.

A

B. K. pneumoniae.

35
Q

The virulence of Klebsiella is due partly to the

A. motility of the organism.

B. exotoxin produced.

C. engorgement of blood vessels.

D. antiphagocytic properties of their capsules.

E. exotoxin produced AND antiphagocytic properties of their capsules.

A

D. antiphagocytic properties of their capsules.

36
Q

The resistance of Klebsiella to antibiotics may be

A. chromosomal mediated.

B. plasmid mediated.

C. lysosomal mediated.

D. capsule mediated.

E. chromosomal mediated AND plasmid mediated.

A

E. chromosomal mediated AND plasmid mediated.

37
Q

Mycoplasmal and klebsiellal pneumonias

A. have similar incubation periods.

B. have causative agents that lack cell walls.

C. are serious diseases often requiring hospitalization.

D. are both relatively mild diseases.

E. None of the choices is correct.

A

E. None of the choices is correct.

38
Q

The spread of mycoplasma is through

A. inhalation of infected droplets.

B. the fecal-oral route.

C. an insect vector.

D. a fomite.

A

A. inhalation of infected droplets.

39
Q

Which is/are true of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis?

A. They are both soil fungi.

B. They are both dimorphic fungi.

C. They are both life-threatening.

D. They may be treated with antibiotics.

E. They are both soil fungi AND they are both dimorphic fungi.

A

E. They are both soil fungi AND they are both dimorphic fungi.

40
Q

Which antibiotics may be completely ineffective in treating a mycoplasmal infection?

A. penicillin

B. cephalosporin

C. tetracycline

D. erythromycin

E. penicillin AND cephalosporin

A

E. penicillin AND cephalosporin

41
Q

The sudden, violent, uncontrollable cough of pertussis is described as

A. productive.

B. contagious.

C. infective.

D. paroxysmal.

A

D. paroxysmal.

42
Q

The causative agent of whooping cough is

A. parvovirus.

B. M. pneumoniae.

C. B. pertussis.

D. S. aureus.

A

C. B. pertussis.

43
Q

Pertussis toxin

A. uses part B to attach to receptors on the host cell.

B. uses part A to inactivate G protein.

C. affects the level of cAMP in a cell.

D. affects the level of mucus secretion.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

44
Q

Although unusually resistant to many control factors, the tubercle bacillus is easily killed by

A. strong acids.

B. disinfectants.

C. pasteurization.

D. strong alkalis.

A

C. pasteurization.

45
Q

The resistance of the tubercle bacillus to various factors is probably due to its

A. capsule.

B. larger ribosomes.

C. ability to adhere tightly.

D. cell wall.

A

D. cell wall.

46
Q

The virulence of the tubercle bacillus is due to its

A. toxin.

B. lysogenic conversion.

C. resistance to antibiotics.

D. survival within macrophages.

E. lysogenic conversion AND resistance to antibiotics.

A

D. survival within macrophages.

47
Q

The destructive nature of tuberculosis can be characterized as a(n)

A. endotoxin pyrogenic response.

B. immune complex reaction.

C. inflammatory response.

D. delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

A

D. delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

48
Q

Influenza is caused by

A. orthomyxovirus.

B. H. influenza.

C. cytomegalovirus.

D. adenovirus.

A

A. orthomyxovirus.

49
Q

Projecting from the outer envelope of the influenza virus are two glycoproteins called

A. leukocidin and hemolysin.

B. hyaluronidase and coagulase.

C. hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

D. lysozyme and coagulase.

A

C. hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

50
Q

Antigenic shifts may be the result of

A. two different viruses infecting a cell at the same time.

B. the lysogenic conversion of two viruses.

C. conjugation of two viruses.

D. blending of a bacterial and a viral genome.

E. the lysogenic conversion of two viruses AND blending of a bacterial and viral genome.

A

A. two different viruses infecting a cell at the same time.

51
Q

Which is true of hantavirus?

A. It is a zoonosis involving mice.

B. It has three segments of single-stranded RNA.

C. The primary effect is to flood the lungs with fluid.

D. Shock and death occurs in 40% of the cases.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

52
Q

Two relatively widespread North American lung mycoses are

A. candidiasis and coccidioidomycosis.

B. candidiasis and aspergillosis.

C. apergillosis and Reyes syndrome.

D. coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.

A

D. coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.

53
Q

Streptococci are grouped by their cell wall carbohydrates.

A

TRUE

54
Q

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that is rare in the first month of life.

A

TRUE

55
Q

Humans are the only source of the cold virus.

A

TRUE

56
Q

Rhinoviruses are effectively treated with antibiotics

A

FALSE

57
Q

Of infectious diseases, pneumonia is a major killer in the general population.

A

TRUE

58
Q

A vaccine is available for protection from pneumococcal pneumonia

A

TRUE

59
Q

Klebsiella easily acquire and are a source of R factors.

A

TRUE

60
Q

Pneumonias are inflammatory diseases of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli.

A

TRUE

61
Q

Mycoplasma is effectively treated with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics.

A

FALSE

62
Q

Histoplasmosis may mimic tuberculosis.

A

TRUE

63
Q

What is the most likely reason why smokers are more at risk for respiratory system infections?

A. Cigarette smoke is carcinogenic (cancer-causing), leading to a much higher incidence of lung cancer.

B. They aren’t-this is just a rumor used to get people to stop smoking.

C. Chemicals in cigarette smoke can impair the mucociliary escalator, preventing natural cleansing of the respiratory tract.

D. Smokers take in microbes from their hands into their lungs as they handle cigarettes and inhale the smoke.

A

C. Chemicals in cigarette smoke can impair the mucociliary escalator, preventing natural cleansing of the respiratory tract.

64
Q

Pleurisy and pneumonia are different. Why?

A. Pleurisy is inflammation of the lungs, while pneumonia is infection of the linings that surround the lungs. One is inflammation (not necessarily due to a microbe!), while the other is active infection with a microbe.

B. Pneumonia is infection of the lungs, while pleurisy is inflammation of the linings that surround the lungs. One is inflammation (not necessarily due to a microbe!), while the other is active infection with a microbe.

C. Pleurisy is caused by viruses, while pneumonia is caused by bacteria.

D. Pneumonia is caused by viruses, while pleurisy is caused by bacteria.

A

B. Pneumonia is infection of the lungs, while pleurisy is inflammation of the linings that surround the lungs. One is inflammation (not necessarily due to a microbe!), while the other is active infection with a microbe.

65
Q

Why would it be reasonable to treat strep throat with antibacterial antibiotics, but not diphtheria?

A. The illness in diphtheria is largely from the exotoxin produced. An antibiotic won’t clear out the exotoxin.

B. The illness in strep throat is largely from the exotoxin produced. An antibiotic effectively eliminates exotoxins.

C. The causative agent of diphtheria is a virus, not a bacterium. The drug would have no effect.

D. There are no antibiotics that have proven effective against the bacterium that causes diphtheria.

A

A. The illness in diphtheria is largely from the exotoxin produced. An antibiotic won’t clear out the exotoxin.

66
Q

The best way to speed up recovery from a common cold is

A. to dose the patient with ibuprofen to keep the fever down.

B. to take decongestants as a means of alleviating the symptoms of the cold.

C. to take 1,000 mg of vitamin C every day during the illness.

D. None of the above-in fact, the only way to clear out a cold is to let your immune system do its job. Several of the treatments above may actually INCREASE the time needed to get over the illness.

A

D. None of the above-in fact, the only way to clear out a cold is to let your immune system do its job. Several of the treatments above may actually INCREASE the time needed to get over the illness.

67
Q

If you are a 20-year-old healthy young adult and you have to CHOOSE a type of pneumonia to become infected with (and you will NOT get treatment for it), which would be the ‘best,’ and why?

A. Pneumococcal pneumonia-it doesn’t destroy lung tissue and can be completely recovered from.

B. Klebsiella pneumonia-it has the shortest recovery time.

C. Mycoplasmal pneumonia-it has the mildest symptoms and is generally easily cleared out.

D. Viral pneumonia-there are many antiviral medications you can take for this version with very few side effects.

A

C. Mycoplasmal pneumonia-it has the mildest symptoms and is generally easily cleared out.

68
Q

Why are pneumococcal pneumonia infections so dangerous in nursing homes?

A. There is no vaccine available for protection.

B. There is no longer an antibiotic effective against the infection.

C. This type of pneumonia causes permanent lung damage, and old people often have impaired lung function in the first place.

D. While this type of pneumonia does NOT cause permanent lung damage, the immune system of older people is usually impaired, leaving them predisposed to more serious and potentially life-threatening pneumonia infections.

A

D. While this type of pneumonia does NOT cause permanent lung damage, the immune system of older people is usually impaired, leaving them predisposed to more serious and potentially life-threatening pneumonia infections.

69
Q

People infected with M. tuberculosis are always highly infectious to everyone around them-true or false, and why?

A. True-they are constantly shedding bacteria to the environment around them in high numbers, facilitating transmission.

B. False-while in the early stages of the illness, their tissues are not irritated and damaged to induce the cough required to spread the organism in respiratory droplets very easily.

C. True-as the mode of transmission is direct contact, anyone or anything they touch can be infected.

D. False-since TB requires a very high infectious dose, in the early stages of the disease, the patients aren’t producing enough bacteria in their respiratory secretions to be infectious.

A

B. False-while in the early stages of the illness, their tissues are not irritated and damaged to induce the cough required to spread the organism in respiratory droplets very easily.

70
Q

Which is more likely to happen-antigenic DRIFT, or antigenic SHIFT-and why?

A. Antigenic DRIFT-since infection with only a single virus is required, and the random mutations happen as the virus replicates in the infected person’s cells.

B. Antigenic SHIFT-since infection with only a single virus is required, and the random mutations happen as the virus replicates in the infected person’s cells.

C. Antigenic DRIFT-since random mutations occur more readily when only 1 virus is infecting a cell at a given time.

D. Antigenic SHIFT-since multiple viruses in a cell at once means more RNA polymerase to copy the RNA, and therefore more possibilities for much larger mistakes to be made in the copying (leading to mutations).

A

A. Antigenic DRIFT-since infection with only a single virus is required, and the random mutations happen as the virus replicates in the infected person’s cells.

71
Q

Which is more dangerous to human beings-antigenic DRIFT or antigenic SHIFT-and why?

A. Antigenic DRIFT-since this produces the quickest and largest degree of changes in the virus structure.

B. Antigenic SHIFT-since this produces the quickest and largest degree of changes in the virus structure.

C. Antigenic DRIFT-the small changes make the virus look like something we already have an immune response in place for, but we actually don’t. This lets the virus hide from the immune responses needed to clear it out for a longer period of time.

D. Antigenic SHIFT-the process completely changes the virus, 100%, allowing it to jump into different species (i.e. from birds into humans). As such, we have no responses in place for the new virus.

A

B. Antigenic SHIFT-since this produces the quickest and largest degree of changes in the virus structure.

BIO 261 (11 decks)

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