Chapter 1 Humans and the Microbial World

Question 1

The scientist usually considered the first to see microorganisms, which he called “animalcules”, was

A. Redi

B. van Leeuwenhoek

C. Pasteur

D. Tyndall

Answer 1

B. van Leeunwenhoek

Question 2

The word “Animalcule” was coined by

A. Pasteur.

B. van Leeuwenhoek.

C. Redi.

D. Tyndall.

Answer 2

B. van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 3

The idea of Spontaneous Generation postulated that

A. organisms could evolve into the next generation of organisms.

B. organisms could spontaneously combust.

C. organisms could spontaneously arise from other living organisms.

D. living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material.

Answer 3

D. living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material.

Question 4

Which of these scientist(s) was/were involved in, among other things, investigating the idea of spontaneous generation?

A. Redi

B. van Leeuwenhoek

C. Pasteur

D. Escherich

E. Redi AND Pasteur

Answer 4

E. Redi AND Pasteur

Question 5

The work of Tyndall and Cohn

A. supported the idea of spontaneous generation.

B. was used to explain why others investigating spontaneous generation had obtained results that were opposite of those obtained by Pasteur.

C. showed that microbes caused disease.

D. allowed scientists to see microorganisms.

Answer 5

B. was used to explain why others investigating spontaneous generation had obtained results that were opposite of those obtained by Pasteur.

Question 6

The structures present in the hay infusions used in experiments on Spontaneous Generation that made them difficult to sterilize are

A. chlorophyll.

B. toxins.

C. organelles.

D. endospores.

Answer 6

D. endospores.

Question 7

The opposite results obtained by scientists apparently doing the same experiments in investigating spontaneous generation

A. shows the importance of repeating experiments.

B. shows the importance of exactly duplicating experimental conditions.

C. led to further experiments that ultimately furthered knowledge.

D. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 7

D. All of the choices are correct.

Question 8

If while investigating Spontaneous Generation, Pasteur had his laboratory located in a stable

A. the results would, most likely, have supported the idea of spontaneous generation.

B. the results would, most likely, have not supported the idea of spontaneous generation.

C. this would have had no effect on his results.

D. this would have shown his love of horses.

Answer 8

A. the results would, most likely, have supported the idea of spontaneous generation.

Question 9

Cellulose is a major component of plants and is only directly digested by

A. herbivores.

B. carnivores.

C. termites.

D. microorganisms.

Answer 9

D. microorganisms.

Question 10

Plants are dependent on microorganisms for

A. providing oxygen.

B. providing water.

C. changing atmospheric nitrogen to a usable form.

D. providing carbohydrates.

Answer 10

C. changing atmospheric nitrogen to a usable form.

Question 11

Microorganisms are involved in

A. causing disease.

B. curing/treating disease.

C. preparing food.

D. cleaning up pollutants.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 11

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Bacteria have been used to help produce or modify food products

A. for several thousand years.

B. since the middle ages.

C. since the late 1800s.

D. since the 1950s.

Answer 12

A. for several thousand years.

Question 13

Microorganisms are involved in

A. production of medicinal products.

B. transforming atmospheric nitrogen to a form useful to plants.

C. food production.

D. pollution cleanup.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 13

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Bioremediation refers to

A. rehabilitating wayward bacteria.

B. using bacteria to clean up pollutants.

C. vaccine development.

D. monitoring newly discovered disease organisms.

Answer 14

B. using bacteria to clean up pollutants.

Question 15

The Golden Age of Medical Microbiology

A. occurred during the late 1800s to early 1900s.

B. started in the 1990s with the advent of genetic engineering.

C. is a time when the knowledge of and techniques to work with bacteria blossomed.

D. was when people realized that diseases could be caused by invisible agents.

E. occurred during the late 1800s to early 1900s, is a time when the knowledge of and techniques to work with bacteria blossomed AND was when people realized that diseases could be caused by invisible agents.

Answer 15

E. occurred during the late 1800s to early 1900s, is a time when the knowledge of and techniques to work with bacteria blossomed AND was when people realized that diseases could be caused by invisible agents.

Question 16

Newly emerging or re-emerging diseases

A. may be due to changing lifestyles.

B. are exemplified by Lyme Disease and toxic shock syndrome.

C. may reflect a breakdown in sanitation/social order.

D. may be related to global cooling.

E. may be due to changing lifestyles, are exemplified by Lyme Disease and toxic shock syndrome AND may reflect a breakdown in sanitation/social order.

Answer 16

E. may be due to changing lifestyles, are exemplified by Lyme Disease and toxic shock syndrome AND may reflect a breakdown in sanitation/social order.

Question 17

Lyme Disease is an example of a disease

A. that is due to a greater degree of interaction between humans and tick-carrying animals.

B. that is due to a decline in vaccinations.

C. that is due to a mutation in the human genome.

D. that is due to climate change leading to a greater mosquito population.

Answer 17

A. that is due to a greater degree of interaction between humans and tick-carrying animals.

Question 18

The outbreak of measles within the last few years was due to

A. mutation of the virus.

B. change in the environment.

C. a decline in vaccination of children in the previous years.

D. increase in sensitivity of detection techniques.

Answer 18

C. a decline in vaccination of children in the previous years.

Question 19

Smallpox

A. has been eliminated as a naturally occurring infection in human beings.

B. still occasionally occurs in Third World Countries.

C. probably only had a human reservoir.

D. was dealt with by vaccination.

E. has been eliminated as a naturally occurring infection in human beings, AND was dealt with by vaccination.

Answer 19

E. has been eliminated as a naturally occurring infection in human beings, AND was dealt with by vaccination.

Question 20

Smallpox

A. aided European domination of New World Nations.

B. has not occurred naturally anywhere in the world since 1977.

C. has potential as a weapon of bioterrorism.

D. has killed millions of people.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 20

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Diseases such as ulcers and cardiovascular disease

A. have been shown to be, or may be due to, a bacterial infection.

B. are solely due to lifestyle.

C. are solely due to genetics.

D. are due to new mutations in bacteria.

Answer 21

A. have been shown to be, or may be due to, a bacterial infection.

Question 22

Bacteria are useful to study because

A. they produce protein in a similar manner to more complex organisms.

B. they replicate DNA in a similar manner to more complex organisms.

C. they produce energy in a similar manner to more complex organisms.

D. they are grown quickly, easily, and cheaply.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 22

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

Bacteria

A. are not found on our bodies.

B. are only found on small select parts of our bodies.

C. provide protection to us from disease by covering our bodies, crowding out ‘bad’ invading bacteria.

D. always cause disease when growing on our bodies.

Answer 23

C. provide protection to us from disease by covering our bodies, crowding out ‘bad’ invading bacteria.

Question 24

Bacteria are present on the body

A. only during disease-causing infections.

B. constantly.

C. only in certain restricted areas.

D. never.

Answer 24

B. constantly.

Question 25

Bacteria are good models to use because they

A. are large in size.

B. share many biochemical/physiological properties with more complicated organisms.

C. can be assembled into multicellular organisms.

D. have complicated growth requirements.

Answer 25

B. share many biochemical/physiological properties with more complicated organisms.

Question 26

Which is usually true of Bacteria?

A. They are found as rods, spheres, or spirals.

B. They reproduce by binary fission.

C. They contain rigid cell walls made of peptidoglycan.

D. They are found as single cells.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 26

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Which is usually true of Archaea?

A. They are found as rods, spheres, or spirals.

B. They reproduce by binary fission.

C. They contain rigid cell walls.

D. They are found as single cells.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 27

E. All of the choices are correct.

Question 28

Which is not usually true of Archaea?

A. They are found as rods, spheres, or spirals.

B. They reproduce by binary fission.

C. They contain rigid cell walls.

D. They are found as single cells.

E. They contain peptidoglycan as part of their cell walls.

Answer 28

E. They contain peptidoglycan as part of their cell walls.

Question 29

Some Archaea are commonly found in

A. meteors.

B. boiling hot springs.

C. the Great Salt Lake.

D. your refrigerator.

E. boiling hot springs AND the Great Salt Lake.

Answer 29

E. boiling hot springs AND the Great Salt Lake.

Question 30

The cell types which lack a membrane bound nucleus are found in the

A. eukaryotes.

B. prokaryotes.

C. archaea.

D. protista.

E. prokaryotes AND archaea.

Answer 30

E. prokaryotes AND archaea.

Question 31

The prokaryotic cell scheme is found in

A. Bacteria.

B. Archaea.

C. Eucarya.

D. All of the choices are correct.

E. Bacteria AND Archaea.

Answer 31

E. Bacteria AND Archaea.

Question 32

Eucarya

A. consist of only multicellular organisms.

B. have a more complex internal structure than Archaea or Bacteria.

C. have a simpler internal structure than Archaea or Bacteria.

D. have a membrane around the DNA.

E. have a more complex internal structure than Archaea or Bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA.

Answer 32

E. have a more complex internal structure than Archaea or Bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA.

Question 33

Which group(s) below contain single-celled and multicellular organisms?

A. algae

B. fungi

C. protozoa

D. All of the choices are correct.

E. algae AND fungi

Answer 33

E. algae AND fungi

Question 34

Organisms

A. may be classified in four domains.

B. may be classified in three domains.

C. probably do not have a common ancestor.

D. have never shared genes between domains.

E. may be classified in three domains, probably do not have a common ancestor AND have never shared genes between domains.

Answer 34

B. may be classified in three domains.

Question 35

The system by which organisms are named is referred to as

A. systematics.

B. naming.

C. nomenclature.

D. cladistics.

Answer 35

C. nomenclature.

Question 36

The scientific name of an organism includes its

A. family and genus.

B. first name and last name.

C. genus and species.

D. domain.

E. genus and species AND domain.

Answer 36

C. genus and species.

Question 37

Which is/are the correct form(s)?

A. Staphylococcus aureus

B. Staphylococcus aureus

C. staphylococcus aureus

D. S. aureus

E. Staphylococcus aureus AND S. aureus

Answer 37

E. Staphylococcus aureus AND S. aureus

Question 38

Which of these may pertain to the term strain?

A. E. coli 0157:H7

B. E. coli

C. minor variation of a species

D. major variation of a species

E. E. coli 0157:H7 AND minor variation of a species

Answer 38

E. E. coli 0157:H7 AND minor variation of a species

Question 39

Viroids

A. are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of RNA.

B. are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of DNA.

C. are known to cause neurodegenerative diseases in animals.

D. are composed of protein encasing DNA.

E. are known to cause neurodegenerative diseases in animals AND are composed of protein encasing DNA.

Answer 39

A. are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of RNA.

Question 40

Outside a cell, viruses are

A. running a small number of biochemical reactions.

B. synthesizing proteins necessary for entry into the host.

C. inactive.

D. constructing a cell membrane known as an envelope.

E. running a small number of biochemical reactions AND synthesizing proteins necessary for entry into the host.

Answer 40

C. inactive.

Question 41

Viruses may only be grown

A. in sterile, cell-free chemical growth media.

B. in living cells.

C. at body temperature.

D. in darkness.

Answer 41

B. in living cells.

Question 42

Viruses are in the group

A. Viridaeae.

B. Eukarya.

C. Archaea.

D. Bacteria.

E. None of the choices is correct.

Answer 42

E. None of the choices is correct.

Question 43

Viruses

A. are obligate intracellular parasites.

B. are single-celled organisms.

C. consist of only proteins.

D. are in the Domain Archaea.

E. are obligate intracellular parasites AND are single-celled organisms.

Answer 43

A. are obligate intracellular parasites.

Question 44

Viruses are often referred to as

A. infectious agents.

B. eubacteria.

C. archaebacteria.

D. cellular agents.

Answer 44

A. infectious agents.

Question 45

Viruses, viroids and prions all

A. operate intracellularly.

B. may be considered acellular agents of disease.

C. contain DNA.

D. infect only animals.

E. operate intracellularly AND may be considered acellular agents of disease.

Answer 45

E. operate intracellularly AND may be considered acellular agents of disease.

Question 46

Both viruses and viroids are

A. capable of independent reproduction.

B. obligate intracellular parasites.

C. interdependent with one another for reproduction.

D. larger than most bacteria in size.

Answer 46

B. obligate intracellular parasites.

Question 47

Prions

A. are only composed of RNA.

B. are only composed of DNA.

C. are only composed of protein.

D. cause diseases in plants.

E. are only composed of RNA AND cause diseases in plants.

Answer 47

C. are only composed of protein.

Question 48

The smallest organism is probably determined by

A. the number of molecules necessary for its growth and replication.

B. the size of the molecules necessary for its growth and replication.

C. its membrane.

D. its volume.

E. the number of molecules necessary for its growth and replication AND the size of the molecules necessary for its growth and replication.

Answer 48

E. the number of molecules necessary for its growth and replication AND the size of the molecules necessary for its growth and replication.

Question 49

A new organism was found that was unicellular and 1 cm long. The “large” size of this organism alone would

A. mean that it could not be a bacterium.

B. mean that it had to be a protista.

C. mean little.

D. mean that it had to be in the domain Eukarya.

Answer 49

C. mean little.

Question 50

Although it is said that the twentieth century was the Age of Physics, it is predicted that the twenty-first century will be the age of

A. chemistry.

B. computers.

C. microbial biodiversity.

D. mathematics.

Answer 50

C. microbial biodiversity.

Question 51

Spontaneous generation referred to the idea that organisms came from other organisms.

Answer 51

FALSE

Question 52

The human body only contains bacteria during illness.

Answer 52

FALSE

Question 53

Bacteria and Eucarya both contain membrane-bound organelles.

Answer 53

FALSE

Question 54

The scientific name of an organism indicates its domain.

Answer 54

FALSE

Question 55

Viroids are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of DNA that infect plants.

Answer 55

FALSE

Question 56

Viruses simultaneously contain DNA, RNA and protein

Answer 56

FALSE

Question 57

Viruses, viroids, and prions are obligate intracellular agents.

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

Viruses and bacteria are both based on the unit of a cell.

Answer 58

FALSE

Question 59

The size of an organism determines its domain.

Answer 59

FALSE

Question 60

Archaea are very similar to Bacteria and have rigid cell walls made of peptidoglycan.

Answer 60

FALSE

Question 61

Thiomargarita namibiensis could not be a eukaryote because it is only 1mm in width.

Answer 61

FALSE

Question 62

HIV/AIDS can be categorized as a new or emerging infectious disease. By putting it into this category, we are effectively saying that

A. this infection hasn’t been observed in the human population prior to recent (approximately 50 years or sooner) outbreaks.

B. this disease has been in susceptible populations for centuries, but has only recently achieved infection levels that became detectable.

C. the infectious agent is still evolving and changing, unlike with older, more established diseases such as plague or polio.

D. the disease has always been in susceptible populations and causing disease, but we lacked the technology to detect it.

Answer 62

A. this infection hasn’t been observed in the human population prior to recent (approximately 50 years or sooner) outbreaks.

Question 63

An illness outbreak occurs in New York City birds in the late 1990s. After a lengthy scientific investigation, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) determine that the agent causing the birds to die is the West Nile virus. Outbreaks of this illness have been observed in several other countries in Asia and the Middle East across the last 50 years, but not in the United States. With this information, what would be the best categorization of this infectious agent/disease?

A. This is clearly a reemerging infection. It’s been around for a long time, and it is reappearing in a susceptible population again.

B. This is clearly a nosocomial infection. It’s transmitted from animals to human beings in urban environments.

C. This is clearly an emerging infection. It hasn’t been around that long, and it has made a jump across continents into a new susceptible population.

D. This is clearly not a concern to human beings-maybe it’s emerging in animals, maybe it’s reemerging, maybe it’s nosocomial. But who cares? It’s only in birds.

Answer 63

C. This is clearly an emerging infection. It hasn’t been around that long, and it has made a jump across continents into a new susceptible population.

Question 64

Why are we concerned at all with monitoring emerging/reemerging diseases?

A. These represent growing threats to human health that will require new scientific research and resources to effectively combat.

B. Because globalization (greater trade and travel between countries) leads to more chances for spread of illnesses into new areas and populations. Monitoring these illnesses will help us to protect people.

C. Because the speed of travel has increased greatly. With increased speed of travel, it is far more likely that a serious pathogenic threat from one area of the world can spread rapidly across the globe in a very fast manner. We need to monitor the occurrence of these illnesses to try to protect populations.

D. All of the above.

Answer 64

D. All of the above.

Question 65

A microbiologist obtained two pure isolated biological samples: one of a virus, and one of a viroid. The labels came off during a move from one lab to the next, however. The scientist felt she could distinguish between the two samples by analyzing for the presence of a single type of molecule. What type of molecule would she be looking for to differentiate between the two?

A. DNA

B. protein

C. lipids

D. RNA

Answer 65

B. protein

Question 66

Within a lab, a scientist has two samples-the first is a prion sample, while the second is a viroid sample. But those pesky labels have come off of the flasks! She wants to run a simple analysis to determine which one is which. What type of molecule would she look for to determine which one is which?

A. lipids

B. DNA

C. protein

D. polysaccharides

Answer 66

C. protein

Question 67

A scientist discovers a new species near coral reefs in Australia. On basic microscopic examination and after conducting a few simple experiments, he finds that this single-celled species is photosynthetic (using sunlight for energy), has a rigid cell wall structure with no peptidoglycan, uses a flagellum for motion, and contains a variety of internal structures that are bound by plasma membranes. Given this information, this new species is most likely a ______ cell in the _____ subcategory.

A. bacterial; eubacterial

B. eukaryotic; fungus

C. archaebacterial; fungus

D. eukaryotic; algae

E. eukaryotic; protozoan

Answer 67

D. eukaryotic; algae

Question 68

Scientists recently cloned Louis Pasteur and put him back to work in a modern lab. He promptly developed a gel that breaks down proteins. Since he hasn’t been around for some time, he’s unsure what the best application for his invention might be. Help him out-what pathogenic item would this gel be most effective and safe at eliminating?

A. Viroids on the surface of agricultural plant tissues.

B. Prions inside the central nervous system of cows.

C. Viruses on the surface of the skin.

D. Bacteria in the intestines of human beings.

E. The fungus that causes athlete’s foot between people’s toes.

Answer 68

C. Viruses on the surface of the skin.

Question 69

in 1674 he first saw microbes in his lens

Answer 69

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

van lee wens think they are so cool, always first to do something

Question 70

in 1665 he saw a microscopical muschroom

Answer 70

Robert Hooke

Question 71

how long have microbes been on this planet for?

Answer 71

3.5 million years

Question 72

Spontaneous generation

Answer 72

when life forms arise form non-living material.

Question 73

in 1861 he helped disprove spontaneous generation, he has swan flasks of broth and sterilized them, allowed no air into them, then let air into them and watched the microorganisms cloud the broth

Answer 73

Louis Pasteur

Question 74

in 1876 this man discovered endospores (heat resistant forms of bacteria)

Answer 74

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 75

Microbe

Answer 75

general term encompassing microorganisms and viruses

Question 76

Bioremediation

Answer 76

a process that uses microorganisms to degrade harmful chemicals (example of during oil spills the bacteria was added to the pollutants to hasten their decay)

Question 77

Biotechnology

Answer 77

the use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to solve practical problems

Question 78

pathogen

Answer 78

disease causing organism or virus

Question 79

normal microbiota (normal flora)

Answer 79

a group of microorganisms that colonized the body surfaces but does not usually cause disease.

Question 80

how many different domains and what are they, can the microbial world be divided into?

Answer 80

Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya

Question 81

whats the difference between the cell wall of Bacteria and Archaea?

Answer 81

bacteria have peptidoglycan and Archaea do not.

Question 82

true or false, out of bacteria, bacteria, eucarya, Bacteria are the only ones that have peptidoglyan in their cell walls

Answer 82

true

Question 83

what are the members of eukarya?

Answer 83

algae, fungi, protozoa

FAP FAP FAP

Question 84

what group can the algae and protozoans go under (all of these are in the eukarya)

Answer 84

Protists

AP they are smart so they are PROS