Chapter 21 - Repiratory

Question 1

What are the two divisions within the respiratory system?

Answer 1

The upper and lower respiratory system

Question 2

What division fo the respiratory system is called the conducting portion? What division is the respiratory portion?

Answer 2

The conducting portion is the upper respiratory system while the respiratory portion includes mainly the alveoli and bronchioles

Question 3

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

Answer 3

The alveoli

Question 4

What histological features of the alveoli help with gas exchange in the lungs?

Answer 4

The alveoli are thin and made of simple squamous epithelium

Question 5

What features are a part of the respiratory defense system (think histology, cellular features) and what are their functions?

Answer 5

1. Cilia - sweeps mucous and trapped debris toward the pharynx
2. Mucous cells - traps particles

Question 6

What is the function of the glottis? Where is it located?

Answer 6

The glottis is found in the larynx, and it functions to produce sound

Question 7

What is the difference between phonation and articulation?

Answer 7

Phonation is literal sound production. It is where the vocal cords vibrate to produce sound waves. Articulation will include modifying those sounds through accessory structures like the tongue, teeth, and lips.

Question 8

The vocal cords will also go by the name of vocal _____

Answer 8

Folds

Question 9

What is the primary function of the vestibular folds?

Answer 9

Help to prevent foreign products from entering the glottis

Question 10

Outline the passageway of air conduction in lower respiratory tract:

Answer 10

Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Pulmonary lobules aka the respiratory bronchiole and the alveoli)

Question 11

Bronchioles are innervated by both the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. Explain what that would look like if one was affecting the bronchioles.

Answer 11

The sympathetic nervous system would cause the muscles of the bronchioles to relax, causing bronchodilation. If the sympathetic nervous system was in effect the bronchioles would increase in diameter and airflow.

The parasympathetic nervous system would cause the muscles of the bronchioles to contract, causing bronchoconstriction. If the parasympathetic nervous system was in effect the bronchioles would decrease in diameter and airflow (think of resting and digesting)

Question 12

What are the two types of bronchioles?

Answer 12

The terminal bronchioles and the respiratory bronchioles. The terminal bronchioles are going to lead directly to the pulmonary lobules where gas exchange happens

Question 13

What special feature allows for the alveoli to have gas exchange?

Answer 13

extensive capillary network

Question 14

Histologically the alveoli can be found with 3 different cells under a microscope. What are they?

Answer 14

Type I and II Pneumatocytes
Roaming alveolar macrophages

Question 15

which pneumatocyte will secrete surfactant? What is so special about this surfactant?

Answer 15

Type II will secrete surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli preventing its collapse

Question 16

What is external respiration?

Answer 16

External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between interstitial fluid and the external environment. The primary purpose of external respiration is to meet the oxygen demands of the cells

Question 17

What two processes are included in external respiration?

Answer 17

Pulmonary ventilation - the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
Alveolar Ventilation - prevents the buildup of CO2 in the alveoli

Question 18

What is internal respiration?

Answer 18

The absorption of O2 and the release of CO2 by tissue walls