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Chemistry 143 > Chapter 21: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Radioactivity

A
  • Emission of subatomic particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation by nuclei of certain atoms
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2
Q

Phosphorescence

A
  • Long-lived emission of light following absorption of light by certain atoms and molecules
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3
Q

Natural radioactivity

A
  • Emission produced by nuclei of radioactive atoms; unstable and spontaneously decompose (emit small pieces)
  • Include alpha decay, beta decay, gamma ray emission, and positron emission
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4
Q

A X

Z

A 
A = Mass number; sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus
Z =  Atomic number; Number of protons in nucleus
X = Chemical symbol
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5
Q

Nuclide

A

Particular isotope (or species) of an element

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6
Q
  • Proton Symbol
  • Neutron Symbol
  • Electron Symbol
A

1
1 p

1
0 n

0
-1 e

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7
Q

Alpha decay

A
  • Occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a particle composed of two protons and two neutrons
  • Particle: 4/2 He (written as chemical, not a fraction)
  • When emitting a particle, number of protons change
  • Highest ionizing power
  • Lowest penetrating power
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8
Q

Ionizing power

A
  • Ability of radiation to ionize other molecules and atoms
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9
Q

Penetrating power

A
  • Ability to penetrate molecules
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10
Q

Beta decay

A
  • Occurs when an unstable nuclide emits an electron

- Lower ionizing power; higher penetrating power

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11
Q

Gamma ray emission

A
  • Form of electromagnetic radiation; high energy photons
  • No charge and no mass
  • Highest penetrating power and lowest ionizing power
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12
Q

Positron

A
  • Occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a positron (antiparticle of the electron– 0/+1 e)
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13
Q

Electron capture

A

Nucleus assimilates an electron from the inner orbital or its electron cloud

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14
Q

Nucleons

A
  • Collection of protons and neutrons in nucleus
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15
Q

N/Z Ratio

A
  • Helps determine nuclear stability
  • too high: tends to convert neutrons to protons through beta decay
  • Too low: Too many protons; tends to convert protons to neutrons via positron emission or electron capture
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16
Q

Magic numbers

A

Nuclide with a certain number of nucleons that are uniquely stable; these numbers are even

17
Q

Film-badge dosimeters

A

Photographic held in small case pinned to clothing; monitors exposure

18
Q

Geiger-Muller counter

A

Particles emitted pass through Ar filled chamber; create radioactive argon; make clicks

19
Q

Scintillation counter

A
  • Radioactive emissions pass through material that emits UV; excites to higher energy state and emits light
20
Q

Rate of decay in proportion to nuclei (equation)

A

Rate = kN

  • k: rate constant
  • N: number of radioactive nuclei
21
Q

Half-life and equation

A
  • Time it takes for 1/2 the parent nuclides in radioactive sample to decay to daughter nuclides
  • t 1/2 = 0.693/k
22
Q

Integrated rate law

A

Concentration of reactant as function of time

23
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Radiometric isotopes and predictable decay are used to estimate age of rocks and artifacts containing those isotope

24
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

Used to estimate age of artifacts and fossil (C-14 : C-12 ratio)

25
Q

Nuclear fission

A
  • Splitting of the uranium atom (usually from bombardment of uranium)
26
Q

Critical mass

A

Enough of substance to create self-sustaining reaction

27
Q

Matter lost and Matter formed

A

E = mc^2

28
Q

Mass defect

A

Difference in mass between sum of masses of separate components and actual mass

29
Q

Nuclear binding energy

A

Amount of energy required to break apart the nucleus into its separate component nucleons

30
Q

Nuclear fusion

A
  • Combination of two light nuclei to form heavier one
31
Q

Transmutation

A

Nuclear reaction that results in transformation of one element into another

32
Q

Radiation effects on life

A
  • Acute radiation damage
  • Increased cancer risk
  • Genetic defects
  • Measure radiation exposure in terms of decay events exposed to or Energy absorbed per body tissue
33
Q

Radiotracer

A

Radioactive nuclide attached to a compound and introduce to a mixture to track movement in the body

34
Q

Positron emission topography (PET)

A

Employs positron emitting nuclides; attached to glucose and administered to patient to use gamma rays to map metabolism and structural features of the imaged organ

35
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Used as means to treat cancer

36
Q

Calculating mass defect

A

Z(p+ mass) + (A-Z)(n mass) - mass isotope

Chemistry 143 (9 decks)

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