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Human Anatomy Exam 3 > Chapter 21: General and Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 21: General and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are General senses

A

Temperature
Pain
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception

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2
Q

What are Special senses

A

Smell
Taste
Balance
Hearing
Vision

Sense Organs
- Eyes, Ears, and taste buds

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3
Q

What are Free nerve endings

A

Simplest receptors

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4
Q

What are large receptor fields

A

They have receptor fields spread far apart, which makes it difficult to localize a stimulus

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5
Q

What are small receptive fields

A

They have receptors close together, which makes it easy to localize a stimulus

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6
Q

What are Tonic receptors

A

They adapt very slowly or not at all

Examples:

Photoreceptors of the eye, Nociceptors and receptors that constantly monitor body position

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7
Q

What are Phasic receptors

A

Fast- adapting

Example: Touch and pressure receptors of the skin, smell of the nose

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8
Q

Classification of the general senses based on sensory location

A

Exteroceptors
- Provide information about the external environment

Proprioceptors
- Provide information about the position of the body

Interceptors
- Provide information about the inside of the body

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9
Q

Classification based on nature of the stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors
- Sensitive to stretch, compression, twisting, or distortion of the cell membrane

Thermoreceptors
- Respond to changes in temperature

Nociceptors
- Respond to the sensation of pain

Chemoreceptors
- Monitor the chemical composition of body fluids

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10
Q

How many Mechanoreceptors do we have

A

Tactile receptors
Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors

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11
Q

Free nerve endings are

A

Common in the Dermis
Sensitive to light contact with the skin

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12
Q

Root hair plexus are

A

Associated with hair follicles
Monitors distortions and movement of hairs on the body surface

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13
Q

Tactile disc are

A

Free nerve endings synapse with Merkel cells
in the stratum basale of the epidermis
Sensitive to light contact with skin

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14
Q

What are Barorecptors

A

Stretch receptors that monitor changes in the stretch of organs due to pressure

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15
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Monitor the position of joints

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16
Q

Thermoreceptors are

A

Found in the Dermis
Exist as free nerve endings
These are Phasic receptors

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17
Q

What is Gustation

A

It is taste, it provides information about foods and liquids that we consume

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18
Q

Taste Buds contain

A

Gustatory epithelial cells and basal cells

Gustatory primary taste sensations is sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

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19
Q

What nerves are in Gustation (Taste)

A

Facial nerve (Vll) is 2/3 on the tongue
Then we have
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) posterior 3rd of the tongue

20
Q

Taste information goes from the

A

Goes from our tongue–> thalamus—> gustatory cortex ( this cortex is is located in the cerebrum cortex)

21
Q

If someone loses their sense of taste what could have been affected

A

Facial nerve (VII) damage
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) damage
Could indicate brain damage
Damage in the tongue or taste buds itself

22
Q

What percentage of our sensory information goes to the thalamus

A

95% of it goes to our thalamus
5% that does NOT is Olfactory (l)

23
Q

Where does smell go

A

Directly to the olfactory cortex

24
Q

Vision sensation is detected by receptors for vision that are located on the posterior part of the eyeball. Those receptors are called

A

Photoreceptors

25
Q

What do eyelashes prevent

A

Eyelashes prevent foreign objects from hitting the eyeball

Also have Root Hair Plexus which helps us with blinking reflex

26
Q

What is Palpebral (Eyelid)

A

Helps to wash debris across the surface of our eye

27
Q

What are lacrimal Apparatus

A

They are tears they are always active even if we are not crying, it is still producing tears to LUBRICATE the eyeball

28
Q

What is the IRIS of the eye

A

The iris is the pigmented smooth muscle of the eye

Also has an opening in the center of the eye called the PUPIL

29
Q

What is Pupil

A

It is a hole, a space in the eye that can change size when the Iris contracts or relaxed

30
Q

When a pupil can enlarge that is called

A

Dilation

31
Q

When a pupil can shrink

A

Constrict

32
Q

If we are in a Bright place our pupils will

A

Constrict (Shrink)

33
Q

If we are in a DARK place our pupils will

A

Dilate (Enlarge)

They will dilate so they can let the maximize amount of light inside our eye

34
Q

The eye has 3 main layers

A
  1. Fibrous Layer
  2. Vascular Layer
  3. Inner Layer
35
Q

What is the Fibrous layer made up of

A

It is made up of the Cornea and the Sclera

The cornea provides some degree of protection, it is also a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscle that moves the eye ball

36
Q

What is the Vascular Layer

A

Deeper in our eyeball, has the Iris, also ahs the ciliary body smooth muscle that helps control the shape of the lenses

37
Q

What means full of blood vessels, helps to nourish the Retina, and helps to cool down the eyeball

A

The Choroid

38
Q

Located even deeper is the Inner layer which has the

A

Retina= has a pigmented layer and neural layer

Pigmented layers have a lot of Melanocytes involved in absorbing light

39
Q

What are Rods (Night)

A

Rods are involved in black and white vision

  • Helps better see things at night, let us see gray vision
40
Q

What are cones (color) (HD)

A

Cones allow us to see color

Provide a high degree of resolution, sharpness of image

Utilized in the day light where we can see color

41
Q

In the Retina we also find

A

Bipolar cells, Ganglion cells, Amacrine cells

All involved in processing visual information and refining the information before it is sent to the brain

42
Q

Where we have the sharpest vision, the highest resolution possible is called

A

Fovea Centralis

43
Q

What percentage of visual information goes to the Thalamus

A

75% goes to the thalamus, from there it goes to the primary visual cortex where we become conscious of the visual information

44
Q

What percentage of our visual information goes to the mesome seprils

A

25% called Superior colliculus

45
Q

The External ear contains the

A

Auricle, external acoustic meatus, and external side of tympanic membrane

Human Anatomy Exam 3 (4 decks)

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