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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 21: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what does hemodynamics do?

A

how blood flow is altered and distributed and how blood pressure is regulated

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2
Q

what occurs in the embryonic mesoderm?

A

where blood vessels develop from angioblasts

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3
Q

what is angiogenesis?

A

the growth of new blood vessels

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4
Q

how are vascular endothelial growth factors released and what is their purpose?

A

secreted by malignant tumors

stimulate angiogenesis to feed blood to the developing tumor

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5
Q

what do blood vessels form?

A

a closed system of tubes that carry blood away from the heart and transport it to tissues then return it to heart

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6
Q

what is the function of arteries?

A

carry blood away from the heart to the tissues

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7
Q

what are arterioles

A

smallest arteries that connect to capillaries
last vessels on arterial side of circulation
(3-6 layers)

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8
Q

what occurs in capillaries?

A 
substance exchange (nutrients, wastes) between the blood and tissues through interstitial fluid by diffusion
connect arteries and venules
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9
Q

function and structure of venules

A

small veins formed from several capillaries
they merge to form medium veins
connect capillaries to larger veins

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10
Q

what do veins do?

A

send blood from tissues back to heart

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11
Q

what is vasa vasorum?

A

a vessel that supplies a vessel

more common in veins

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12
Q

do arteries or veins have thicker wall?

A

ateries

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13
Q

what happens to arteries during ventricular systole/diastole?

A

systole: walls of major arteries stretch to accomodate stroke volume
diastole: arteries recoil to help control pressure and flow

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14
Q

what are the parts of the artery wall?

A

tunica intima, internal elastic lamina, tunica media, external elastic lamina, tunica externa (adventitia)

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15
Q

structure of the tunica intima

A

simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

structure of the internal elastic lamina

A

elastin in walls, fenestrated

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17
Q

structure of tunica media

A

middle layer, smooth muscle, elastic CT

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18
Q

structure of tunica externa (adventitia)

A

outermost layer

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19
Q

structure of the elastic arteries aka conducting arteries

A

largest of arteries with more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle in walls

ex: aorta, subclavian

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20
Q

structure of muscular arteries aka distributing arteries

A

lots of smooth muscle in tunica media which distributes blood to body (40-50 layers)

ex: renal, axillary

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21
Q

what does vasoconstriction/vasodilation do? what causes them?

A

regulate blood flow and arterial blood pressure

sympathetic fibers (from medulla's vaso-motor center) cause vasoconstriction
parasympathetic cause vasodilation
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22
Q

what are metarterioles, their function?

A

terminal ends of arterioles
1-2 layers of smooth muscle
control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

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23
Q

what is microcirculation?

A

flow of blood the capillaries

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24
Q

what allows diffusion in the cardiovascular system?

A

when blood is brought to the capillaries with enough pressure

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25
Q

what are capillary walls composed of?

A

1 layer of cells and basement membrane

lines with simple squamous

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26
Q

how many blood vessels are capillaries?

A

half, 50,000

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27
Q

how much blood can an artery hold?

A

capillaries capable of holding more blood than in body which is why many stay closed

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28
Q

what are pre capillary sphincters?

A

rings of smooth muscle that regulate blood flow through capillaries
sensitive to chemical changes
surround arterioles before it enters capillary

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29
Q

what system controls the blood flow through capillaries?

A

nervous system

30
Q

what causes the capillary sphincters to open?

A

decreased 02, increased CO2, acidic pH

oxygenates blood

31
Q

what causes capillary sphincters to close?

A

increase 02, decreased CO2, basic pH

32
Q

what are 3 types of capillaries?

A
  1. thick, continuous capillary
  2. fenestrated
  3. sinusoid
33
Q

how do veins differ from arteries?

A

they have thinner tunica intimas and tunica medias

34
Q

what is the largest vein?

A

inferior vena cava

35
Q

what do veins below the diapragm contain?

A

valves to prevent back flow

36
Q

what are venous sinuses?

A

veins with very thin walls and no smooth muscle to alter diameter

ex: superior sagittal sinus, coronary sinus

37
Q

what is venous return?

A

when pressure in the veins is too low to account for the return of blood to the heart from regions below heart

38
Q

what are 4 mechanisms that help venous return?

A
  1. skeletal muscle contraction
  2. venous vasomotion
  3. respiratory movements (decrease pressure during inspiration, in IVC anf SVC causing blood to flow)
  4. vasoconstriction control of sympathetic nervous system-decreases ability to hold blood, blood flows
39
Q

what does the postural reflex do?

A

maintains venous return and cardiac output when changing to the upright posture
vein decrease in diameter which reduces their capacity to store blood

sympathetic: smooth muscle contracts

40
Q

what happens to veins when you lay down?

A

pressure decreases and major veins collapse

41
Q

what are blood reservoirs

A

systemic veins and venules where the largest portion (at rest) of blood is stored

42
Q

what are the 3 major organs supplied by the principle reservoir veins?

A

liver, spleen, skin

43
Q

how do capillaries use simple diffusion

A

it is the most important method of capillary exchange

44
Q

what is blood pressure?

clinical application

A

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of a blood vessel
clinical app: BP=pressure in arteries generated by contraction of heart forcing blood to go from high to low and decreases as you move away from heart

45
Q

is pressure higher in arteries or veins?

A

arteries

46
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

arteriole pressure developed during ventricular systole (120-130 mmhg)

47
Q

what is minimum diastolic pressure?

A

minimum pressure at end of ventricular diastole (70-80 mmhg)

48
Q

what does pulse pressure tell?

A

tells stroke volume

systolic/diastolic pressure

49
Q

what are 4 factors that affect arterial blood pressure?

A
  1. pumping action of heart (cardiac output) aka stroke volume. increase bp
  2. peripheral resistance (opposition to blood flow. increase bp
  3. elasticity of arteries. increase elasticity, decrease bp (vice versa)
  4. blood viscosity (Ability of fluid to flow) increase viscosity, increase bp (vice versa)
50
Q

what is viscosity related to?

A

RBC count

increase RBC, increase viscosity

51
Q

what is blood flow?

A

volume that flows through any tissue in a given period of time

52
Q

how is blood flow proportional to cross sectioned area of blood vessels?

A

they are inversely proportional

decrease cross sectional area, increase flow

53
Q

how does blood flow compare when to the aorta/arteries as opposed to the heart?

A

blood flow decreases to aorta/arteries, increases to heart

54
Q

what is syncope and its causes?

A

sudden, temp loss of consciousness followed by recovery due to inadequate blood to brain
causes: low bp, low blood volume, vagus nerve stimulation (pain fear stress)

55
Q

what does the cardiovascular system in brain control

A

neurons in medulla that regulate heart rate, contractility, blood vessel diameter

56
Q

cardiovascular system output is sent to what fibers?

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic

57
Q

what do sympathetic impulses along cardioaccelerator nerves do?

A

accelerate heart rate and contractility

58
Q

what do parasympathetic impulses on CN 10 do?

A

inhibit heart rate

59
Q

what results in a moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction?

A

sympathetic division continually sending impulses to smooth muscles in blood vessel walls via vasomotor nerves

60
Q

what is vasomotortone?

A

moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction

61
Q

what are baroreceptors and their function?

A

pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of the walls of blood vessels and atria

62
Q

what does the cardiac sinus reflex do?

A

maintains normal bp in brain

initiated by baroreceptors in wall of the carotid sinus

63
Q

what does the aortic reflex do?

A

systemic bp

initiated by baroreceptos in wall of the aortic arch

64
Q

what can carotid sinus massage cause?

A

decrease heart rate & lead to syncope

65
Q

where are the chemoreceptors?

A

close to baroreceptors of carotid sinus and aortic arch

66
Q

what hormones affect blood pressure and flow?

A

angiotensin ll, epinephrine, norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide

67
Q

what are the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) on the cardiovascular system ?

A

increase heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, arterial pressure

68
Q

what is the pulse?

A

alternate expansion and elastic recoil of artery wall within each heartbeat

69
Q

what is a normal pulse rate?

A

70-72 beats per min

70
Q

what is shock?

A

inadequate cardiac output resulting in failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough 02 & nutrients for metabolic needs

71
Q

symptoms of shock

A

clammy, cool, pale skin, tachycardia, weakness, rapid pulse, sweating, hypotenson, decreased cardiac output

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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