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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells obtain nutrients and remove wastes?

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What are formed elements

A

RBC’s (erythrocytes), WBC’s (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

What does blood transport?

A
  1. 02 & CO2
  2. nutrients
  3. wastes
  4. hormones
  5. heat
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4
Q

how does blood protect the body?

A
  1. protects against infection

2. produces antibodies

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5
Q

characteristics of blood

A

viscous
38 degrees celsius
pH: 7.35-7.45

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6
Q

What is a body’s hematocrit?

A

% measurement of body’s volume of red blood cells

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7
Q

blood consistency %’s

A

55% plasma
45%formed elements

  1. 5 % water
  2. 5 % solutes
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8
Q

protein components in blood

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens

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9
Q

non-protein components in blood

A 
nutrients
enzymes 
hormones
respiratory gases
electrolytes
waste products
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10
Q

what do albumins do?

A

generate osmotic pressure (water in and out of blood vessels & interstitial fluid)

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11
Q

tyoes of globulins and what each does

A

alpha: transpo
beta: transpo
gamma: antibodies made from b lmphocytes

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12
Q

what do hematopoietic stem cells aka hemocytoblasts do?

A

form all blood cells

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13
Q

where do myeloid stem cells come from and what do they produce?

A

come from pluripotent stem cells and they produce erythroblasts, myeoblasts, monoblasts

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14
Q

where do lymphoid stem cells come from and what do they produce?

A

they come from pluripotent stem cells and produce lymphoblasts

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15
Q

what stimulates hemopoiesis and what does this process do?

A

stimulated by hormones and forms blood cells

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16
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

increases the # of RBS precursors

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17
Q

what does thrombopoietin do?

A

increases the # of platelet precursors

stimulate myeloid stem cells to deelop megakaryoblasts

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18
Q

which cells contain hemoglobin?

A

RBC’s aka erythrocytes

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19
Q

structural features of RBC’s

A

biconcave discs with no nucleus

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20
Q

whats the function of hemoglobin in RBC’s?

A

transpo 02 & CO2

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21
Q

what blood disorders arise when a body produces abnormal hemoglobin?

A

thalassemia, sickle cell anemia

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22
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hemolytic anemia inherited due to abnormal hemoglobin
RBC’s destroyed which releases hemoglobin into blood
can be caused by parasite or drug reaction
symptoms: kidney damage, joint pain, fever

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23
Q

how long do RBC’s live?

A

120 days

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24
Q

how is hemoglobin recycled?

A

after phagocytosis of worn out RBC’s by macrophages

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25
where does erythropoiesis occur?
adult red bone marrow of flat and long bones
26
what are the stages of development between hemocytoblasts and erythrocytes?
hemocytoblasts--> erythroblasts (rubiblasts)--> normobasts (with nucleus)--> reticulocytes (no nucleus)--> mature erythrocytes (no organelles)
27
what do erythroblasts capable of?
hemoglobin synthesis
28
what happens when normoblasts accumulate hemoglobin?
nucleus is fragmented | once reticulocyte has lost nucleus & mitochondria and has no ability to make protein it becomes an erythrocyte
29
which key hormone affects RBC production?
erythropoietin
30
anemia and its types
when 02 carrying capacity of blood is reduced | types: hemolytic (sickle cell), hemorrhagic, aplastic (iron-deficient, pernicious)
31
granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, shows straining of cytoplasmic granules
32
agranular leukocytes
monocytes, lymphocytes, no granules
33
what are MHC (major histocompatibility antigens)?
surface proteins in leukocytes and erythrocytes that are used to identify tissue
34
lifespans of WBCs
hours or days
35
what occurs during leukocytosis?
increase in # of WBCs during infection or leukemia
36
leukopenia
abnormally low # of WBCs
37
what do leukocytes do?
combat inflammation & infection
38
what is emigration?
WBCs leaves blood vessel and goes to tissue
39
chemotaxis
chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site
40
what is diapedisis
blood cells squeezing through small holes in capillaries
41
structure and function of neutrophils
perform phagocytosis and produce defensins multi-lobed nucleus 70% of WBC
42
what do defensins do?
pierce the membrane of pathogens in blood stream | is a natural antibiotic
43
structure and function of eosinophils
help with inflammation in allergic reactions (parasite) red granules with headphone shape 1-3% WBC
44
structure and function of basophils
releases histamine, heparin, seratonin which intensify the inflammatory response dark granules 1-5% WBC
45
total # of WBCs
5000-10000
46
what is heparin responsible for?
blood clotting at injury site
47
structure and function of lymphocyte (2)
large nucleus B lymphocyte: differentiate into antibodies in response to antigens, develop in bone marrow T lymphocytes: destroy antigens, develop in thymus gland, develop into macrophages when they leave circulation
48
differential WBC count
diagnostic test in which specific WBCs are listed
49
what do cytotoxic T cells do?
kills foreign cells by attaching and injecting with lymphotoxin
50
what does transfer factor do?
convert T lymphocytes to killer cells
51
what doe smacrophage chemotaxic factor do?
attracts macrophage to site of infection
52
helper T cells
help B cells form antibodies
53
suppressor T cells
inhibit antibody formation from B cells
54
memory T cells
cause faster response if the same antigen attacks body later
55
structure and function of monocytes
``` clean site of infection after neutrophils agranular U shaped nucleus develop from monoblasts form macrophages when leave capillaries 3-8% WBC ```
56
process of thrombopoietin
megakaryoblasts form into magakaryocytes which fragment--> each fragment (enclosed by cell membrane) has purple stain (granulomere) and blue stain (hyalomere)
57
what do platelet granules have that help blood clotting?
thromboplastin
58
what is hemostasis?
stoppage of bleeding in damages blood vessel
59
3 hemostatic mechanisms of hemostasis
vascular response, platelet response, plasma response
60
vascular response
smooth muscle of blood vessel wall contracts decreasing blood flow (loss)
61
platelet response
release of thromboplastin and seratonin accelerate the formation of a platelet plug
62
plasma response
blood clot is made when formed elements become trapped (possible bc of fibrin)
63
what are coagulation factors? | made, found, released by?
chemicals that clot made in liver by vitamin K found in blood plasma released by platelets + damaged tissue cells
64
what initiated blood clotting?
``` extrinsic pathway (outside blood) intrinsic pathway (inside blood) ```
65
what is hemophilia?
inherited disease in which blood doesn't clot
66
what is thrombis, thrombosis?
thrombis: clot in vessel thrombosis: clotting unbroken vessel
67
embolis
clot that moves from origin
68
what are agglutinogens/isoantigens?
lie on surface of RBCs | genetically determined blood group antigens
69
what are agglutinins?
antibodies contained in plasma either anti-a or anti-b react with agglutinogens
70
what is hemolytic disease in newborns?
disorder caused by Rh incompatibility btwn mother/fetus

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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