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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells obtain nutrients and remove wastes?

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What are formed elements

A

RBC’s (erythrocytes), WBC’s (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

What does blood transport?

A
  1. 02 & CO2
  2. nutrients
  3. wastes
  4. hormones
  5. heat
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4
Q

how does blood protect the body?

A
  1. protects against infection

2. produces antibodies

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5
Q

characteristics of blood

A

viscous
38 degrees celsius
pH: 7.35-7.45

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6
Q

What is a body’s hematocrit?

A

% measurement of body’s volume of red blood cells

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7
Q

blood consistency %’s

A

55% plasma
45%formed elements

  1. 5 % water
  2. 5 % solutes
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8
Q

protein components in blood

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens

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9
Q

non-protein components in blood

A 
nutrients
enzymes 
hormones
respiratory gases
electrolytes
waste products
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10
Q

what do albumins do?

A

generate osmotic pressure (water in and out of blood vessels & interstitial fluid)

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11
Q

tyoes of globulins and what each does

A

alpha: transpo
beta: transpo
gamma: antibodies made from b lmphocytes

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12
Q

what do hematopoietic stem cells aka hemocytoblasts do?

A

form all blood cells

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13
Q

where do myeloid stem cells come from and what do they produce?

A

come from pluripotent stem cells and they produce erythroblasts, myeoblasts, monoblasts

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14
Q

where do lymphoid stem cells come from and what do they produce?

A

they come from pluripotent stem cells and produce lymphoblasts

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15
Q

what stimulates hemopoiesis and what does this process do?

A

stimulated by hormones and forms blood cells

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16
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

increases the # of RBS precursors

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17
Q

what does thrombopoietin do?

A

increases the # of platelet precursors

stimulate myeloid stem cells to deelop megakaryoblasts

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18
Q

which cells contain hemoglobin?

A

RBC’s aka erythrocytes

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19
Q

structural features of RBC’s

A

biconcave discs with no nucleus

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20
Q

whats the function of hemoglobin in RBC’s?

A

transpo 02 & CO2

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21
Q

what blood disorders arise when a body produces abnormal hemoglobin?

A

thalassemia, sickle cell anemia

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22
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hemolytic anemia inherited due to abnormal hemoglobin
RBC’s destroyed which releases hemoglobin into blood
can be caused by parasite or drug reaction
symptoms: kidney damage, joint pain, fever

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23
Q

how long do RBC’s live?

A

120 days

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24
Q

how is hemoglobin recycled?

A

after phagocytosis of worn out RBC’s by macrophages

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25
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

adult red bone marrow of flat and long bones

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26
Q

what are the stages of development between hemocytoblasts and erythrocytes?

A

hemocytoblasts–> erythroblasts (rubiblasts)–> normobasts (with nucleus)–> reticulocytes (no nucleus)–> mature erythrocytes (no organelles)

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27
Q

what do erythroblasts capable of?

A

hemoglobin synthesis

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28
Q

what happens when normoblasts accumulate hemoglobin?

A

nucleus is fragmented

once reticulocyte has lost nucleus & mitochondria and has no ability to make protein it becomes an erythrocyte

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29
Q

which key hormone affects RBC production?

A

erythropoietin

30
Q

anemia and its types

A

when 02 carrying capacity of blood is reduced

types: hemolytic (sickle cell), hemorrhagic, aplastic (iron-deficient, pernicious)

31
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, shows straining of cytoplasmic granules

32
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

monocytes, lymphocytes, no granules

33
Q

what are MHC (major histocompatibility antigens)?

A

surface proteins in leukocytes and erythrocytes that are used to identify tissue

34
Q

lifespans of WBCs

A

hours or days

35
Q

what occurs during leukocytosis?

A

increase in # of WBCs during infection or leukemia

36
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low # of WBCs

37
Q

what do leukocytes do?

A

combat inflammation & infection

38
Q

what is emigration?

A

WBCs leaves blood vessel and goes to tissue

39
Q

chemotaxis

A

chemical attraction of WBCs to a disease or injury site

40
Q

what is diapedisis

A

blood cells squeezing through small holes in capillaries

41
Q

structure and function of neutrophils

A

perform phagocytosis and produce defensins
multi-lobed nucleus
70% of WBC

42
Q

what do defensins do?

A

pierce the membrane of pathogens in blood stream

is a natural antibiotic

43
Q

structure and function of eosinophils

A

help with inflammation in allergic reactions (parasite)
red granules with headphone shape
1-3% WBC

44
Q

structure and function of basophils

A

releases histamine, heparin, seratonin which intensify the inflammatory response
dark granules
1-5% WBC

45
Q

total # of WBCs

A

5000-10000

46
Q

what is heparin responsible for?

A

blood clotting at injury site

47
Q

structure and function of lymphocyte (2)

A

large nucleus
B lymphocyte: differentiate into antibodies in response to antigens, develop in bone marrow
T lymphocytes: destroy antigens, develop in thymus gland, develop into macrophages when they leave circulation

48
Q

differential WBC count

A

diagnostic test in which specific WBCs are listed

49
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kills foreign cells by attaching and injecting with lymphotoxin

50
Q

what does transfer factor do?

A

convert T lymphocytes to killer cells

51
Q

what doe smacrophage chemotaxic factor do?

A

attracts macrophage to site of infection

52
Q

helper T cells

A

help B cells form antibodies

53
Q

suppressor T cells

A

inhibit antibody formation from B cells

54
Q

memory T cells

A

cause faster response if the same antigen attacks body later

55
Q

structure and function of monocytes

A 
clean site of infection after neutrophils
agranular U shaped nucleus 
develop from monoblasts
form macrophages when leave capillaries
3-8% WBC
56
Q

process of thrombopoietin

A

megakaryoblasts form into magakaryocytes which fragment–> each fragment (enclosed by cell membrane) has purple stain (granulomere) and blue stain (hyalomere)

57
Q

what do platelet granules have that help blood clotting?

A

thromboplastin

58
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

stoppage of bleeding in damages blood vessel

59
Q

3 hemostatic mechanisms of hemostasis

A

vascular response, platelet response, plasma response

60
Q

vascular response

A

smooth muscle of blood vessel wall contracts decreasing blood flow (loss)

61
Q

platelet response

A

release of thromboplastin and seratonin accelerate the formation of a platelet plug

62
Q

plasma response

A

blood clot is made when formed elements become trapped (possible bc of fibrin)

63
Q

what are coagulation factors?

made, found, released by?

A

chemicals that clot
made in liver by vitamin K
found in blood plasma
released by platelets + damaged tissue cells

64
Q

what initiated blood clotting?

A 
extrinsic pathway (outside blood)
intrinsic pathway (inside blood)
65
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

inherited disease in which blood doesn’t clot

66
Q

what is thrombis, thrombosis?

A

thrombis: clot in vessel
thrombosis: clotting unbroken vessel

67
Q

embolis

A

clot that moves from origin

68
Q

what are agglutinogens/isoantigens?

A

lie on surface of RBCs

genetically determined blood group antigens

69
Q

what are agglutinins?

A

antibodies contained in plasma
either anti-a or anti-b
react with agglutinogens

70
Q

what is hemolytic disease in newborns?

A

disorder caused by Rh incompatibility btwn mother/fetus

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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