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Anatomy Exam #3 > Chapter 21: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Blood Flashcards

0
Q

what are the major components of Blood?

A

Plasma

formed elements

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1
Q

What are the functions of the blood?

A
  1. Tansport
  2. maintenance of body temp
  3. acid/base balance
  4. maintenance of blood volume
  5. defense
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2
Q

what is Plasma made of?

A

Plasma proteins
other solutes
water

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3
Q

what is the function of water in plasma?

A

transport organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements and heat

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4
Q

what is serum?

A

it is plasma without clotting proteins

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5
Q

what are the plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumins
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
  4. regulatory proteins
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6
Q

which plasma protein is most abundant?

A

Albumins

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7
Q

what plasma proteins are Major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroids hormones

A

Albumins

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8
Q

what plasma proteins are Transport ions, hormones, lipids, immune function?

A

Globulins

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9
Q

what plasma proteins are Essential components of clotting system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin?

A

Fibrinogen

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10
Q

what plasma proteins are Enzymes, proenzymes, hormones

A

Regulatory proteins

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11
Q

what are the specific “other solutes” in plasma?

A
  1. electrolytes
  2. organic nutrients
  3. organic waste
  4. dissolved gasses
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12
Q

what in plasma is Normal extracellular fluid ion composition essential for vital cellular activities. ions contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids.

A

Electrolytes

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13
Q

what are the major plasma electrolytes?

A 
NA+
K+ 
Ca2+
Mg2+
Cl- 
HCO3-
HPO42-
SO42_
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14
Q

what in plasma is used for ATP production, growth, and maintenance of cells; include lipid, carbohydrates and amino acids

A

Organic nutrients

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15
Q

what is plasma is Carried to sites of breakdowns of excretions; include urea, uric acid, creatinine , billirubin, ammonium ions

A

Organic wastes

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16
Q

water makes up __% of plasma, Plasma proteins makes up ___% and other solutes make up __%

A

92%
7%
1%

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17
Q

Albumins make up __%, Globulins make up ___%, Fibrinogens make up __% and regulatory proteins make up __% of the plasma proteins.

A

60%
35%
4%
<1%

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18
Q

what components make up the formed elements in plasma?

A

Platelets
white blood cells
red blood cells

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19
Q

Plasma makes up __-__% of blood and formed elements makes up __-__%

A

46-63%

37-54%

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20
Q

what is the most abundant component in formed elements?

A

red blood cells at 99.9%

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21
Q

what is another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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22
Q

T/F red blood cells have organelles?

A

F

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23
Q

what kind of shape do red blood cells have?

A

biconcave disk shape

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24
Q

what does the shape of red blood cells allow them to do?

A
  1. give them flexibility to pass through tiny capillaries

2. give them the ability to stack together and move more efficiently

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25
Q

Most of the oxygen in blood is carried by what in RBCs?

A

hemoglobin

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26
Q

how many Heme molecules does each hemoglobin protein have?

A

4

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27
Q

what does the heme molecule in hemoglobin contain? what what is its function?

A

iron, bind to oxygen

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28
Q

___ is the measurement of the % of hemoglobin binding sites in the blood stream that are occupied by oxygen.

A

Oxygen saturation

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29
Q

what is the normal O2 sat. in the body?

A

95-100%

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30
Q

and O2 sat. below 90% is called what?

A

Hypoxemia

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31
Q

what can you use to measure O2 sat?

A

Pulse oximeter

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32
Q

where are RBCs made?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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33
Q

all blood cells come from the (same or different) stem cell in marrow?

A

same

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34
Q

RBCs come from what?

A

Myeloid stem cell

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35
Q

maturation of myeloid cell into mature red blood cells is called what?

A

erythropoiesis

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36
Q

what happens to the nucleus in erythropoiesis?

A

it is ejected

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37
Q

___ gives rise to all blood cells

A

hemocytoblast

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38
Q

How long do RBCs typically last?

A

4 months (120 days)

39
Q

once a red blood cell “dies” what component of it is reused?

A

iron

40
Q

RBCs are recycle by ___ cell in the ___ and ___

A

Phagocytic
liver
spleen

41
Q

when RBCs are broken down, what is the heme part broken down to?

A

bilirubin

42
Q

where is bilirubin disposed of?

A

in the liver

43
Q

wha happens if bilirubin isnt disposed of? and how can you help break it down?

A

jaundice

UV light

44
Q

what two hormones causes the production of RBCs?

A

Erythropoietin (from kidneys)

Testosterone

45
Q

what makes up a completed blood count (CBC)?

A
  1. RBC count
  2. how much of your blood is taken up by RBCs (hematocrit)
  3. total amount of hemoglobin molecules (grams of hemoglobin protein per deciliter of blood)
  4. WBC count
  5. Platelet count
46
Q

after centrifuging blood, what are the three layers?

A

top: plasma
middle : buffy coat (leukocytes, platelets)
bottom: Erythrocytes

47
Q

___ is the % of whole blood occupied by cells

A

hematocrit

48
Q

the Hematocrit measurements are about __-__% for men and __-__% for women.

A

men: 40-50%
females: 37-47%

49
Q

a high hematocrit number =?

A

polycythemia

50
Q

A low hematocrit number = ?

A

Anemia

51
Q

__ is the amount of hemoglobin protein in 1 deciliter of whole blood.

A

Hemoglobin

52
Q

Hemoglobin amount in children is __, adult males __, and adult females ___.

A

children : 12 g/dl
adult males : 16 g/dl
adult females : 14 g/dl

53
Q

___ is hemoglobin with sugar stuck to it and is used as a measure of blood glucose levels over past 2-3 months

A

glycosylated hemoglobin

54
Q

__-__% of hemoglobin is normally glycosylated

A

4-6%

55
Q

high values of glycosylated hemoglobin indicate what?

A

possible diabetes

56
Q

what is another name for WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

57
Q

T/F WBCs always stay in the blood.

A

F

58
Q

the ability of WBCs to squeeze through walls of blood vessels is called what?

A

diapedesis

59
Q

What are the interesting characteristic that WBCs have?

A
  1. diapedesis
  2. can crawl around body tissues like amoebas
  3. chemotaxis
  4. 3 of them together are phagocytes
60
Q

the tendency for WBCs to go toward and area with a chemical stimuli is called what?

A

chemotaxis

61
Q

what are the 5 kinds of WBCs?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
  4. Monocyte
  5. Lymphocyte
62
Q

what do leukocytes look like?

A

spherical, nucleated cells

63
Q

what are Granulocytes?

A

WBCs that have a grainy looking cytoplasm

64
Q

what are Agranulocytes?

A

WBCs with a cytoplasm that doesnt look grainy

65
Q

what WBCs are considered granulocytes?

A
  1. neutrophil
  2. eosinophil
  3. basophil
66
Q

what WBCs are considered agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. monocyte

67
Q

At 65%, what WBCs are the most abundant ?

A

neutrophils

68
Q

20-25% of all WBCs are what?

A

Lymphocytes

69
Q

Epstein-Barr virus can cause a rise in __ and cause what?

A

Agranulocytes, MONO

70
Q

describe neutrophils.

A

Nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules, diameter 10-12 micro m.

71
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules. diameter 10-14 micro m.

72
Q

describe basophil

A

nucleus lobed, large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules, diameter 10-14 micro m

73
Q

describe lymphocyte

A

nucleus spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm; diameter 5-17 micro m.

74
Q

describe monocyte

A

Nucleus U or kidney shaped; gray-blue cytoplasm; diameter 14-24 micro m.

75
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytize bacteria

76
Q

what if the function of Eosinophils?

A

Kill parasitic worms; inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy

77
Q

what if the function of basophils?

A

release histamines and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant.

78
Q

what if the function of lymphocytes?

A

Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

79
Q

what if the function of monocytes?

A

phagocytosis; developed into macrophages in the tissue

80
Q

WBCs are daughter cells of what?

A

myeloid stem cells

81
Q

lymphocytes come from daughter cells called what?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

82
Q

maturation of daughter cells into mature white blood cells is called what?

A

Leukopoiesis

83
Q

a low white blood count is indicative of what?

A

Leukopenia

84
Q

a high white blood count is indicative of what?

A

Leukocytosis

85
Q

what illnesses are associated with Leukopenia?

A 
AIDS
Chicken pox
Influenza
Measles
Mumps 
Polio
86
Q

what are treatments to illnesses caused by Leukopenia?

A

chemotherapy
radiation therapy
immunosuppressive drugs

87
Q

what may cause Leukocytosis?

A

usually a result of infection or other physiological stress

88
Q

___ is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow that leads to too many WBCs.

A

Leukemia

89
Q

what are the two types of leukemia?

A
  1. Myeloid or Granulocytic

2. Lymphoid or Lymphocytic

90
Q

myeloid stem cells in bone marrow are abnormal, resulting in too many granulocytes (and too few rbcs and platelets) in circulation is called what?

A

Myeloid or granulocytic

91
Q

lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow abnormal, results in too many lymphocytes in circulation is called what?

A

Lymphoid or lymphocytic

92
Q

a component in blood that are not whole cells but are cell fragments are called what?

A

Platelets

93
Q

describe platelets

A

round to spindle-shaped cytoplasmic fragments; contain enzymes and proenzymes; no nucleus

94
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

hemostasis (blood clotting) : clumping together and stick to vessel walls
activate intrinsic pathway of coagulation phase

95
Q

a low platelet count is called what?

A

Thrombocytopenia

Anatomy Exam #3 (4 decks)

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