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Anatomy Exam #3 > Chapter 21: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Blood Flashcards

0
Q

what are the major components of Blood?

A

Plasma

formed elements

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1
Q

What are the functions of the blood?

A
  1. Tansport
  2. maintenance of body temp
  3. acid/base balance
  4. maintenance of blood volume
  5. defense
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2
Q

what is Plasma made of?

A

Plasma proteins
other solutes
water

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3
Q

what is the function of water in plasma?

A

transport organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements and heat

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4
Q

what is serum?

A

it is plasma without clotting proteins

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5
Q

what are the plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumins
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
  4. regulatory proteins
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6
Q

which plasma protein is most abundant?

A

Albumins

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7
Q

what plasma proteins are Major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroids hormones

A

Albumins

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8
Q

what plasma proteins are Transport ions, hormones, lipids, immune function?

A

Globulins

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9
Q

what plasma proteins are Essential components of clotting system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin?

A

Fibrinogen

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10
Q

what plasma proteins are Enzymes, proenzymes, hormones

A

Regulatory proteins

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11
Q

what are the specific “other solutes” in plasma?

A
  1. electrolytes
  2. organic nutrients
  3. organic waste
  4. dissolved gasses
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12
Q

what in plasma is Normal extracellular fluid ion composition essential for vital cellular activities. ions contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids.

A

Electrolytes

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13
Q

what are the major plasma electrolytes?

A 
NA+
K+ 
Ca2+
Mg2+
Cl- 
HCO3-
HPO42-
SO42_
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14
Q

what in plasma is used for ATP production, growth, and maintenance of cells; include lipid, carbohydrates and amino acids

A

Organic nutrients

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15
Q

what is plasma is Carried to sites of breakdowns of excretions; include urea, uric acid, creatinine , billirubin, ammonium ions

A

Organic wastes

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16
Q

water makes up __% of plasma, Plasma proteins makes up ___% and other solutes make up __%

A

92%
7%
1%

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17
Q

Albumins make up __%, Globulins make up ___%, Fibrinogens make up __% and regulatory proteins make up __% of the plasma proteins.

A

60%
35%
4%
<1%

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18
Q

what components make up the formed elements in plasma?

A

Platelets
white blood cells
red blood cells

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19
Q

Plasma makes up __-__% of blood and formed elements makes up __-__%

A

46-63%

37-54%

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20
Q

what is the most abundant component in formed elements?

A

red blood cells at 99.9%

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21
Q

what is another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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22
Q

T/F red blood cells have organelles?

A

F

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23
Q

what kind of shape do red blood cells have?

A

biconcave disk shape

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24
what does the shape of red blood cells allow them to do?
1. give them flexibility to pass through tiny capillaries | 2. give them the ability to stack together and move more efficiently
25
Most of the oxygen in blood is carried by what in RBCs?
hemoglobin
26
how many Heme molecules does each hemoglobin protein have?
4
27
what does the heme molecule in hemoglobin contain? what what is its function?
iron, bind to oxygen
28
___ is the measurement of the % of hemoglobin binding sites in the blood stream that are occupied by oxygen.
Oxygen saturation
29
what is the normal O2 sat. in the body?
95-100%
30
and O2 sat. below 90% is called what?
Hypoxemia
31
what can you use to measure O2 sat?
Pulse oximeter
32
where are RBCs made?
Red Bone Marrow
33
all blood cells come from the (same or different) stem cell in marrow?
same
34
RBCs come from what?
Myeloid stem cell
35
maturation of myeloid cell into mature red blood cells is called what?
erythropoiesis
36
what happens to the nucleus in erythropoiesis?
it is ejected
37
___ gives rise to all blood cells
hemocytoblast
38
How long do RBCs typically last?
4 months (120 days)
39
once a red blood cell "dies" what component of it is reused?
iron
40
RBCs are recycle by ___ cell in the ___ and ___
Phagocytic liver spleen
41
when RBCs are broken down, what is the heme part broken down to?
bilirubin
42
where is bilirubin disposed of?
in the liver
43
wha happens if bilirubin isnt disposed of? and how can you help break it down?
jaundice | UV light
44
what two hormones causes the production of RBCs?
Erythropoietin (from kidneys) | Testosterone
45
what makes up a completed blood count (CBC)?
1. RBC count 2. how much of your blood is taken up by RBCs (hematocrit) 3. total amount of hemoglobin molecules (grams of hemoglobin protein per deciliter of blood) 4. WBC count 5. Platelet count
46
after centrifuging blood, what are the three layers?
top: plasma middle : buffy coat (leukocytes, platelets) bottom: Erythrocytes
47
___ is the % of whole blood occupied by cells
hematocrit
48
the Hematocrit measurements are about __-__% for men and __-__% for women.
men: 40-50% females: 37-47%
49
a high hematocrit number =?
polycythemia
50
A low hematocrit number = ?
Anemia
51
__ is the amount of hemoglobin protein in 1 deciliter of whole blood.
Hemoglobin
52
Hemoglobin amount in children is __, adult males __, and adult females ___.
children : 12 g/dl adult males : 16 g/dl adult females : 14 g/dl
53
___ is hemoglobin with sugar stuck to it and is used as a measure of blood glucose levels over past 2-3 months
glycosylated hemoglobin
54
__-__% of hemoglobin is normally glycosylated
4-6%
55
high values of glycosylated hemoglobin indicate what?
possible diabetes
56
what is another name for WBCs?
Leukocytes
57
T/F WBCs always stay in the blood.
F
58
the ability of WBCs to squeeze through walls of blood vessels is called what?
diapedesis
59
What are the interesting characteristic that WBCs have?
1. diapedesis 2. can crawl around body tissues like amoebas 3. chemotaxis 4. 3 of them together are phagocytes
60
the tendency for WBCs to go toward and area with a chemical stimuli is called what?
chemotaxis
61
what are the 5 kinds of WBCs?
1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil 4. Monocyte 5. Lymphocyte
62
what do leukocytes look like?
spherical, nucleated cells
63
what are Granulocytes?
WBCs that have a grainy looking cytoplasm
64
what are Agranulocytes?
WBCs with a cytoplasm that doesnt look grainy
65
what WBCs are considered granulocytes?
1. neutrophil 2. eosinophil 3. basophil
66
what WBCs are considered agranulocytes?
1. Lymphocytes | 2. monocyte
67
At 65%, what WBCs are the most abundant ?
neutrophils
68
20-25% of all WBCs are what?
Lymphocytes
69
Epstein-Barr virus can cause a rise in __ and cause what?
Agranulocytes, MONO
70
describe neutrophils.
Nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules, diameter 10-12 micro m.
71
Describe eosinophils
nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules. diameter 10-14 micro m.
72
describe basophil
nucleus lobed, large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules, diameter 10-14 micro m
73
describe lymphocyte
nucleus spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm; diameter 5-17 micro m.
74
describe monocyte
Nucleus U or kidney shaped; gray-blue cytoplasm; diameter 14-24 micro m.
75
what is the function of neutrophils?
phagocytize bacteria
76
what if the function of Eosinophils?
Kill parasitic worms; inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy
77
what if the function of basophils?
release histamines and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant.
78
what if the function of lymphocytes?
Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies
79
what if the function of monocytes?
phagocytosis; developed into macrophages in the tissue
80
WBCs are daughter cells of what?
myeloid stem cells
81
lymphocytes come from daughter cells called what?
Lymphoid stem cells
82
maturation of daughter cells into mature white blood cells is called what?
Leukopoiesis
83
a low white blood count is indicative of what?
Leukopenia
84
a high white blood count is indicative of what?
Leukocytosis
85
what illnesses are associated with Leukopenia?
``` AIDS Chicken pox Influenza Measles Mumps Polio ```
86
what are treatments to illnesses caused by Leukopenia?
chemotherapy radiation therapy immunosuppressive drugs
87
what may cause Leukocytosis?
usually a result of infection or other physiological stress
88
___ is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow that leads to too many WBCs.
Leukemia
89
what are the two types of leukemia?
1. Myeloid or Granulocytic | 2. Lymphoid or Lymphocytic
90
myeloid stem cells in bone marrow are abnormal, resulting in too many granulocytes (and too few rbcs and platelets) in circulation is called what?
Myeloid or granulocytic
91
lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow abnormal, results in too many lymphocytes in circulation is called what?
Lymphoid or lymphocytic
92
a component in blood that are not whole cells but are cell fragments are called what?
Platelets
93
describe platelets
round to spindle-shaped cytoplasmic fragments; contain enzymes and proenzymes; no nucleus
94
what is the function of platelets?
hemostasis (blood clotting) : clumping together and stick to vessel walls activate intrinsic pathway of coagulation phase
95
a low platelet count is called what?
Thrombocytopenia

Anatomy Exam #3 (4 decks)

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