Chapter 2.1

Question 1

What is the building block of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Neurons

Question 2

The three broad classes of neurons are:

Answer 2

Sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons

Question 3

What type of neurons carry information from the body’s organs and tissues to the central nervous system?

Answer 3

Sensory neurons

Question 4

Interneurons can only be found:

Answer 4

In the brain and spinal cord

Question 5

Sensory and motor neurons are linked by

Answer 5

Interneurons

Question 6

Amy’s ______ do the additional processing needed to make sense of events occurring within her body and outside in the environment

Answer 6

Interneurons

Question 7

Dales ______ carry instructions from his central nervous system to his muscles

Answer 7

Motor neurons

Question 8

The part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons is the

Answer 8

Dendrites

Question 9

The part of the neuron that is specialized for sending impulses to other neurons is

Answer 9

Axon

Question 10

Another word for the soma is

Answer 10

Cell body

Question 11

An axon can range in length from a fraction of an inch to

Answer 11

Several feet

Question 12

What is only found in the intracellular fluid

Answer 12

Proteins with a negative charge

Question 13

In its resting state an axon has

Answer 13

More negative particles inside the axon than outside

Question 14

The movement of _____ and _____ through the membrane is most central to action potentials

Answer 14

Sodium; potassium

Question 15

Sodium ions are more concentrated in the _____ while potassium ions are more concentrated in the ______

Answer 15

Extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid

Question 16

Ions are captured and pushed through the membrane by

Answer 16

Sodium and potassium pumps

Question 17

When a neuron fires ____ rushes into the axon and makes that part of the axon more ____ compared to the extra cellular fluid

Answer 17

Sodium; positive

Question 18

The ______ charge of one section of an axon causes the _____ of the next section to open

Answer 18

Positive; sodium gates

Question 19

An action potential is comprised of a series of

Answer 19

Depolarizations

Question 20

The membrane is re polarized when gates open and _____ flow out of the axon

Answer 20

Potassium ions

Question 21

Synaptic vesicles contain

Answer 21

Neurotransmitters

Question 22

Neurotransmitters are released from

Answer 22

Synaptic vesicles

Question 23

Which part of the neuron is most closely associated with the speed with which it can convey an impulse

Answer 23

Myelin sheath

Question 24

Which type of ions have a negative charge in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 24

Chloride ions

Question 25

Neurotransmitters are released into the

Answer 25

Synaptic gap

Question 26

Glial cells

Answer 26

"Glue cells", provides nutrients and myelin sheath, guides neural connections and cleans up after neurons send messages. Important in learning&thinking, they can "chat" w/neurons

Question 27

Action potential

Answer 27

Impulse fired by a neuron, brief electrical charge travels down axon

Question 28

Neural impulses are ____ than a computer

Answer 28

Slower

Question 29

Exterior fluid is ______ charged _____ ions

Answer 29

Positive; sodium

Question 30

Axon's interior fluid is mostly ____ charged _____ ions

Answer 30

Negative; potassium

Question 31

Loss of inside/outside charge creates chain reaction of axon channels opening this is called _____

Answer 31

Depolarization

Question 32

Excitatory neural signal

Answer 32

"Neuron's accelerator"

Question 33

Inhibitory neural signal

Answer 33

"Neuron's brake"

Question 34

What is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse called

Answer 34

Threshold

Question 35

Refractory period

Answer 35

Brief period after neuron has fired; action potentials cant occur until axon returns to resting state

Question 36

All-or-none response

Answer 36

Neurons reaction of firing or not firing. Increasing stimulus doesn't increase intensity, stronger stimulus triggers more neurons to fire&more often, but doesn't affect strength or speed

Question 37

Reuptake

Answer 37

Neurotransmitters reabsorption by sending neuron

Question 38

What are two ways cells get rid of excess neurotransmitters after a neuron reacts?

Answer 38

Reputable, or they drift away and get broken down by enzymes

Question 39

What happens in the synaptic gap?

Answer 39

Neurons send neurotransmitters between one neuron's terminal branch and the next neuron's dendrites or cell body.

Question 40

How do nerve cells communicate w/other nerve cells?

Answer 40

When action potential reaches the end of an axon it releases neurotransmissions.

Question 41

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 41

Learning&memory drug, messenger between motor neurons&skeletal muscle

Question 42

Endorphins

Answer 42

Natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain cntrl&pleasure, discovered by Candace Pert&Solomon Snyder 1973

Question 43

Agonist

Answer 43

Molecule that increases neurotransmitters action, some can bing to receptors and mimic excitatory effects

Question 44

Antagonist

Answer 44

Blocks/inhibits neurotransmitters action. Ex. Botox

Question 45

Curare poisoning paralyzed victims by blocking ACh receptors involved in muscle movements. Morphine mimics endorphin actions. Which is the antagonist and agonist?

Answer 45

Morphing is the agonist. Curare is the antagonist.

Question 46

Nervous system function and its two sub parts:

Answer 46

Body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all nerve cells of peripheral and CNS

Question 47

Central nervous system function and two parts

Answer 47

Body's decision maker, brain and spinal cord

Question 48

Peripheral nervous system function and two sub systems

Answer 48

Gathers info and transmits CNS decisions to other body parts; somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 49

Nerves

Answer 49

Bundled axons that form neural cables connecting central nervous system w muscle glands and organs

Question 50

Sensory neurons

Answer 50

Carry incoming info from sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord

Question 51

Motor neurons

Answer 51

Carry instructions from CNS out to body's muscles and organs

Question 52

Interneurons

Answer 52

W/in brain and spinal cord; communicates internally and process info between sensory input and motor outputs

Question 53

What is the function of the Somatic nervous system, and what it is a sub part of?

Answer 53

A part of the peripheral nervous system, controls body's skeletal muscles

Question 54

Autonomic nervous system function and two sub divisions

Answer 54

A part of the Peripheral system, cntrls glands and muscles of internal organs, sympathetic system and parasympathetic

Question 55

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 55

Arouses and expands energy; ex adrenaline

Question 56

Parasympathetic

Answer 56

Conserves energy and calms

Question 57

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work together to maintain _______

Answer 57

Homeostasis

Question 58

Endocrine system

Answer 58

"Slow" chemical communication system, set of glands that secrete hormones into blood stream

Question 59

Hormones

Answer 59

Chemical messengers made by endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream and affect tissue

Question 60

What are the differences and similarities of the nervous and endocrine system?

Answer 60

Sim: both produce molecules that act on receptors. Diff: nervous. Is high-speed endo is slow and feelings linger

Question 61

Adrenal glands

Answer 61

Pair of endocrine glands above kidneys, secrete hormones that arose

Question 62

Pituitary gland

Answer 62

Pea size structure in center of the Brian, releases growth chemical and oxytocin, "master-gland", can tell other organs to release hormones

Question 63

How does the endocrine system transmit info and interact w/ nervous system

Answer 63

Endocrine releases hormones into bloodstream which effects tissues, including the brain. The pituitary gland influences hormones release by other glands.