Chapter 1.7-1.13 Flashcards
Intuition
Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted w/ explicit, conscious reasoning
Why can we not rely solely on intuition?
Hind sight bias, overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events
Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Hindsight bias
Thinking you know more than you do, after finding out the outcome it becomes “obvious”
Over confidence
Random sequences often don’t look random, some random sequences seem so extraordinary that we find it difficult to believe
Perceiving order in random events
Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observation and predicts behaviors
Theory
Testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Hypothesis
Replication
Repeating essence of research study w/different subjects and locations to see if they get same results
Why are theories useful?
They organize observations, implies predictions so anyone can test, stimulates further research and retheorizing
Why is replication important?
The more scientists can prove a theory in different experiments, the more reliable the theory is
How do theories advance psychological science?
Organizing observations and creating hypotheses allows scientists to test and replicate experiments. These experiments are either proven right or wrong. If proven wrong the scientist can than re theorize. All of this advances psychological science because scientists discover things through theories.
Case studies
Description technique in which on individual/group is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles. In-depth analysis of groups/individuals. We are more likely to believe a story vs. cold facts about an individual case
Why cant we assume case studies reveal general principles that apply to us all?
Case studies involve one group or individual so we cant apply those principles/observations to a large population.
Naturalistic observation
Descriptive tech of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/out trying to manipulate and control situations
Self-reported att/behaviors of particular group, wording/phrasing greatly effects outcome, must use random sample of populations
Survey
Fairly represents population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion, you cant compensate for unrepresentative sample by simply adding more people
Random sample
What is an unrepresentative sample and how do researchers avoid it?
Random sampling helps because then each member of a population has a chance of being surveyed
Correlation
Measuring of extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other
How closely two things vary together and thus how well either one predicts the other. Represented by scale of -1.00 to +1.00
Correlation coefficient
Positive correlation
How two things increase/decrease together. On scale from 0 to +1.00
Negative correlation
Inverse relationship, as one thing increases the other decreases. Scale of 0 to -1.00
Does correlation associate w/ causation?
No. Correlation is how two things vary together, but do not cause one to thing to effect another
+ or - correlation? The more children used various media, the less happy they are
Negative
+ or - correlation? The longer children are breastfed, the greater their later academic achievements
Positive
