Chapter 21 Flashcards
Population growth in Britain France and Germany
France; 32 –> 36 million
Where the Industrial Revolution encourage Britain to invest
North and south America
Impact on cities due to urbanization
People move - stress on resources, unable to find houses/food – set up slums – London = dirty, disease – cholera, criminal activity
Emancipation of serfs in France Prussia Austria and Russia
France; 1739, Prussia; 1815, Austria: 1848, Russia; 1861
Causes and effects of Irish famine of 1845–1850
Causes; plantations, poor laws, blight, penal laws
Effects; evictions, The Great Hunger, Emigration, 8 - 4.5 Million
Results of railway improvements consumer economy
Travel across international borders, migration – people/goods (transportation), environmental, Capital goods rather than consumer goods, consumer prices went up
Limits of workers in the new labor marketplace
Laborers said no say in quality/quantity/market of product
Proletarianization
19th-century industrial wage labor force
Chartist reform movement/measures
British labor movement, against industry/proletariat, protect crafts/wages, peaceful, Luddites = not peaceful
British Chartism
First large-scale working-class movement, People’s charter, proletariat
Purpose behind construction of the Crystal Palace
Show off new industry, compatible with other things, unite countries
Relationship between husbands and wives and early factories
Wives and children = assistant
English Factory Act of 1833
99; age <9, two hours of education for children
Work hours after 1847
Nine hours a day only for everyone
Classes which experienced division of labor to gender specific roles
Woman = married – now domestic homemaker, single – workforce Men = breadwinners children = assets
Requirements of new jobs for woman in textile factories
Single, paid less, less skilled jobs
Woman employment in France
Textiles
First organized police force
Paris France, 1828
Trends of criminal activity in Europe
Slow/steady rise until 1860
Reason British criminals sent to Australia
Transportation, cheaper than capital punishment
The Auburn System and Philadelphia System
Prison reform systems, borrowed from the Americas, separating prisoners, reform behavior for society, sometimes caused psychological damage
Classical economics and economic growth
Free enterprise; laissez-faire economics
Classical economists and the role of government
Foreign trade market, property, currency, tariffs/taxes, contracts on franchise/entrepreneurs, infrastructure
Jeremy Bentham and utilitarianism
Greatest good for the greatest number of people, Rousseau and Marx (Marxism)
Utopian socialist movement
Owensim (communities – Lanark/New Harmony) Foyeism, Simonism
Count Cloude Henri de Saint Simon
St. Simonism; well managed by experts (technocracy)
Anarchists
Anti- capitalist, government, religious, industry
Blanci; terror, Prudonne; mutualism
Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto
Friedrich Angles, Hegelian philosophy, influenced 20th century, revolution through class conflict
Sources of inspiration for the Communist Manifesto
Hegel, Classical economists
Makeup of revolutionaries in 1848
Political liberals, urban workers, nationalists (outside France)
Hottest spot for the liberalist and nationalistic revolts
Austrian Empire
Spanish Revolution
Protocol of Troppau – other countries could intervene in liberalist/nationalistic revolts, Truman Doctrine
Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population and his views
Nothing can improve condition of working-class – resources at fixed, population at Arithmatic, Point of crisis = Malthusian Catastrophe, family-planning
David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and his views
“Iron law of wages”, wants = regulation of wages
Increase money – > increase the children – > more work – > less money per job – > less children
And repeats
Regions of Revolutions of 1848
France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Mediterranean, Russia, Ottoman Empire
Results of 1848 – 1849 revolution
They all failed
Origin of 1840 Revolutions
Lack of food, unemployment, bad living conditions, general discontent
Feminist movements in revolutionary Europe
Visuvians; liberal feminists, equality with husbands, military, and appearance
Voix de femmes; Conservative, syllabary rolls – political government, better jobs, voting, education
Regions of Revolution in Hapsburg Empire in 1848
Vienna, Hungary, Czech, Italy
Actions of the Hungarians during the Magyar Revolt
Annex territories within their borders, led to insurrections
Split between German working-class and German liberals
Parliament refused to restore protection of guilds – liked concept of free labor market
Facts about Italian Revolution of 1848
King Albert, Joseph Radetzkey, 5 days of Milan, Radetzkey’s March, Pope Pius IX, Mazzini and Garibaldi, Battle of Novara, Siege of Rome
Facts about German Revolution of 1848
- Prussia,
- David Hanesmann,
- Monarch = own constitution – universal male suffrage – three classes voted on ability to pay taxes – largest taxpayers (5% of population) = 1/3 vote,
- The Frankfurt Parliament – moderate liberal constitution for united Germany
Facts about French Revolution of 1848
Louis Philippe – “Citizen King” and Franciose Guizot, urban workers joined liberals against their reign, February Days – they’re forced to abdicate
