Chapter 21 Flashcards
Line Notation Steps
- omit symbols for C and H (when bonded to C)
- each line is a bond
- fill in H to give each C 4 bonds
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons (can be saturated or unsaturated)
Saturated hydrocarbons
Only single bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Have multiple bonds
hydrogenation
adding hydrogen
dehydrogenation
taking away hydrogen
Properties of Alkanes
- LDF only
- low BP
- insoluble in water (nonpolar)
Naming Alkanes
Add suffix “-ane”
ex) methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane
Naming Branches Alkanes (Steps)
- find longest C chain, name the alkane
- Name each branch (if alkane, end in ‘yl’ if halogen end in’o’
- count # C the branch is on
- # C-branchnamebasenameane
Alkenes
hydrocarbon with at least one double bond
Naming alkenes
- same as alkanes
- suffix “-ene”
Alkyne
hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond
Naming alkynes
- same as alkanes
- suffix “-yne”
Naming multiple multiple bonds
- prefix # of multiple bonds before ‘ene’ or ‘yne’
- ex) 2,4-heptadiene
Optical Isomers in hydrocarbons
when atom is bonded to 4 different groups
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
‘cyclo’ prefix to denote ring structure
Multiple bonds in cyclic hydrocarbons
The multiple bond will be in positions 1 and 2, so name accordingly
Organic functional Groups
- carboxylic acid
- ester
- amide
- aldehyde
- ketone
- alcohol
- ether
- amine
- carboxylic acid: O = C - OH
- ester: O = C - O
- amide: O = C - N
- aldehyde: O = C - H
- ketone: O = C
- alcohol: -OH
- ether: O
- amine: N
Aromatic compounds
- very stable
- contain alternating double bonds
positive deviation
unfavorable (+/-) , higher VP than expected, lower H
negative deviation
increased IMF, lower VP than expected, higher H
Primary functional group
connected to one hydrocarbon / halogen
Secondary functional group
connected to two hydrocarbons / halogens
Tertiary functional group
connected to three hydrocarbons / halogens
naming ethers
- like alkanes
- suffix ‘oxy’
naming aldehydes
- suffix ‘al’
naming alcohols
- suffix ‘ol’
naming ketones
- suffix ‘one’
naming carboxylic acids
- suffix ‘oic acid’
naming esters
- count #C in R group without the double bond and end in ‘yl’
- count #C in R group with the double bond, end in ‘oate’
naming amines
- suffix ‘amine’ in longest chain
- # C where attached to N
- shorter chain ends in ‘yl’
- use N instead of # if short chain is attached to N
Alcohol + Carboxylic acid Condensation
= ester + H2O
Amine + Carboxylic acid Condensation
= amide + H2O
homopolymer
polymer with same monomer
copolymer
polymer with diff. monomers
