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Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

1) Which of the following blood vessels carries blood away from the heart to other organs?
a) arteries
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) arterioles
e) veins

A

a) arteries

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2
Q

2) Which of the following blood vessels carries blood from the tissues back to the heart?
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) aorta
d) veins
e) capillaries

A

d) veins

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3
Q

3) Which layer of the arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?
a) tunica interna
b) tunica media
c) tunica externa
d) tunica albuginea
e) tunica fascia

A

b) tunica media

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4
Q

4) Which layer of the arterial wall is primarily composed of elastic and collagen fibers?
a) tunica interna
b) tunica media
c) tunica externa
d) tunica albuginea
e) tunica fascia

A

c) tunica externa

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5
Q

5) When an artery or arteriole is damaged, its smooth muscle layer contracts producing
a) tear in the vessel.
b) new vessel branching off the artery or arteriole.
c) a vascular spasm.
d) tetanus.
e) increased blood flow to the damaged vessel.

A

c) a vascular spasm.

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6
Q

6) Elastic arteries function as
a) vasodilators.
b) conduits to the tissues of the trunk only.
c) barriers to microcirculation.
d) pressure reservoirs.
e) vasoconstrictors.

A

d) pressure reservoirs.

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7
Q

7) In resting individuals, which vessels serve as a large blood reservoir from which blood can be quickly diverted to other vessels as needed?
a) Arteries and arterioles
b) Arterioles and capillaries
c) Venules and capillaries
d) Veins and venules
e) Aorta and veins

A

d) Veins and venules

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8
Q

8) Which type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) venules
d) veins
e) aorta

A

b) arterioles

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9
Q

9) Which of the following structures are found in veins but NOT in arteries?
a) tunica externa
b) tunica media
c) tunica interna
d) valve
e) lumen

A

d) valve

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10
Q

10) Capillaries are also referred to as
a) exchange vessels.
b) vasoconstrictors.
c) vasodilators.
d) pressure reservoirs.
e) distributing vessels.

A

a) exchange vessels.

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11
Q

11) Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?
a) diffusion
b) transcytosis
c) bulk flow
d) primary active transport
e) secondary active transport

A

a) diffusion

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12
Q

12) Which of the following structures is used to control the flow of blood through a capillary bed?
a) thoroughfare channels
b) precapillary sphincters
c) postcapillary sphincters
d) venules
e) valves in veins

A

b) precapillary sphincters

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13
Q

13) Which of the following types of tissues contains continuous capillaries?
a) skeletal muscle
b) smooth muscle
c) connective tissue
d) lungs
e) all of these choices

A

e) all of these choices

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14
Q

14) The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called
a) a thoroughfare channel.
b) a blood reservoir.
c) a detour route.
d) collateral circulation.
e) microcirculation.

A

d) collateral circulation.

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15
Q

15) The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is
a) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
b) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.
c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
d) blood hydrostatic pressure.
e) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

A

c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

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16
Q

16) The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called
a) reabsorption.
b) filtration.
c) bulk flow.
d) osmosis.
e) transcytosis.

A

b) filtration.

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17
Q

17) The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels per minute is called
a) stroke volume.
b) tidal volume.
c) cardiac output.
d) cardiac reserve.
e) total peripheral resistance.

A

c) cardiac output.

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18
Q

18) Cardiac output is dependent on both
a) heart rate and stroke volume.
b) stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.
c) heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.
d) blood type and stroke volume.
e) blood pressure and heart rate

A

a) heart rate and stroke volume.

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19
Q

19) Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?
a) Increased blood volume
b) Increased sympathetic stimulation
c) Increased heart rate
d) Increased stroke volume
e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

A

e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

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20
Q

20) Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance?
a) Decreased diameter of systemic arterioles
b) Increased blood viscosity
c) Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route
d) Increased vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
e) Increased red blood cell count

A

c) Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route

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21
Q

21) Which of the following characteristics of blood depends mostly on the ratio of RBCs to plasma volume?
a) total blood volume
b) blood viscosity
c) venous return
d) clotting time
e) immunoglobulin profile

A

b) blood viscosity

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22
Q

22) Which of the following is NOT a contribution of the cardiovascular system to other body systems?
a) Blood delivers clotting factors and WBCs that aid in hemostasis when skin is damaged.
b) Blood delivers calcium and phosphate ions that are needed for building bone extracellular matrix.
c) Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.
d) Blood carries newly absorbed nutrients and water to the liver.
e) Blood circulates cells and chemicals that carry out immune functions.

A

c) Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.

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23
Q

23) The cardiovascular center is located
a) in the thoracic cavity.
b) in the cerebral cortex.
c) in the cerebellum.
d) in the medulla oblongata.
e) in the hypothalamus.

A

d) in the medulla oblongata.

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24
Q

24) All of the following aid in venous return of blood to heart EXCEPT
a) the skeletal muscle pump.
b) the respiratory pump.
c) blood viscosity.
d) venoconstriction
e) venous valves.

A

c) blood viscosity.

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25
Q

25) Which of the following would be a normal response of the cardiovascular system to a decreased frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors?
a) Increased systemic vascular resistance
b) Increased parasympathetic stimulation
c) Decreased heart rate
d) Decreased stroke volume
e) Decreased cardiac output

A

a) Increased systemic vascular resistance

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26
Q

26) Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure?
a) Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)
b) Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
c) Aldosterone
d) Angiotensin
e) Epinephrine

A

a) Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

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27
Q

27) When chemoreceptors in blood vessels detect high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, they stimulate all of the following changes EXCEPT
a) increased vasoconstriction of arterioles.
b) increased blood pressure.
c) decreased respiratory rate.
d) increased sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and veins.
e) increased vasoconstriction of veins.

A

c) decreased respiratory rate.

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28
Q

28) The myogenic response of smooth muscle results in
a) more forceful contractions when stretched.
b) more forceful contractions when relaxed
c) tetany.
d) relaxation of smooth muscle when stretched.
e) formation of new desmosomes.

A

a) more forceful contractions when stretched.

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29
Q

29) In which of the following types of blood vessels is blood pressure NOT pulsing?
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Arterioles
4. Venules

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) Both 2 and 4

A

e) Both 2 and 4

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30
Q

30) Abnormal conditions such as atherosclerosis and patent ductus arteriosus cause an large increase in the
a) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
b) central venous pressure.
c) pulse pressure.
d) venular hydrostatic pressure.
e) capillary hyrdostatic pressure.

A

c) pulse pressure.

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31
Q

31) This type of shock is due to decreased blood volume.
a) Hypovolemic
b) Cardiogenic
c) Vascular
d) Obstructive
e) Neurogenic

A

a) Hypovolemic

32
Q

32) Which of the labeled layers in the diagram of the arterial wall consists mainly of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) A, B and C

A

b) B

33
Q

33) Which of the labeled layers in the diagram of the arterial wall is composed of a simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane and a layer of elastic tissue?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) A, B, and C

A

a) A

34
Q

34) Which labeled structure in the figure is a metarteriole?
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) F
e) E

A

b) B

35
Q

35) Which labeled structure in the figure is a capillary?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

d) D

36
Q

36) Which labeled structure in the figure is precapillary sphincter?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

c) C

37
Q

37) Which of the capillaries shown in the figure has an incomplete or absent basement membrane?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) A, B, and C

A

c) C

38
Q

38) Which of the types of capillaries shown in the figure is commonly found in the kidneys, villi of the small intestine, choroid plexuses, and some endocrine glands?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) B and C

A

b) B

39
Q

39) What physiological process is depicted in this figure?
a) Venous blood blockage
b) Skeletal muscle pump
c) Respiratory pump
d) Thoroughfare channels
e) Anastomosis

A

b) Skeletal muscle pump

40
Q

40) What do following arteries have in common: superficial temporal artery, brachial artery and common carotid artery?
a) They are all areas where Korotkoff sounds cannot be heard.
b) They are all only found on the left side of the body.
c) They are all common pulse points.
d) They all contain baroreceptors.
e) They all deliver blood to structures in the head.

A

c) They are all common pulse points.

41
Q

41) Which of the following would NOT occur in response to hypovolemic shock?
a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system.
b) Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
d) Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
e) Release of local vasodilators.

A

d) Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

42
Q

42) All the veins of the systemic circulation eventually drain into the
a) superior vena cava.
b) inferior vena cava.
c) coronary sinus.
d) superior and inferior vena cava.
e) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

A

e) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

43
Q

43) The pulmonary trunk divides into
a) brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery
b) right and left subclavain arteries.
c) right and left pulmonary veins.
d) right and left pulmonary arteries.
e) right and left common carotid arteries.

A

d) right and left pulmonary arteries.

44
Q

44) In fetal circulation, what is the opening between the right and left atria called?
a) Ductus venousus
b) Umbilicus
c) Fossa ovalis
d) Foramen ovale
e) Ductus arteriosus

A

d) Foramen ovale

45
Q

45) Which of the following vessels is a pulse point found at the wrist?
a) Radial artery
b) Subclavian artery
c) Axillary artery
d) Cephalic artery
e) Palmar artery

A

a) Radial artery

46
Q

46) Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the intestines?
a) Radial artery
b) Subclavian artery
c) Mesenteric artery
d) Coronary artery
e) Popliteal artery

A

c) Mesenteric artery

47
Q

47) Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the kidneys?
a) Hepatic artery
b) Renal artery
c) Mesenteric artery
d) Coronary artery
e) Popliteal artery

A

b) Renal artery

48
Q

48) Which of the following vessels drains blood from the lower leg?
a) Jugular vein
b) Superior vena cava
c) Tibial vein
d) Coronary vein
e) Inferior mesenteric vein

A

c) Tibial vein

49
Q

49) Which of the following vessels drains blood from the head and neck?
a) Median cubital vein
b) Inferior vena cava
c) Axillary vein
d) Femoral vein
e) Jugular vein

A

e) Jugular vein

50
Q

50) Which of the following vessels carries the venous blood from the lower body into the right atrium?
a) Inferior vena cava
b) Superior vena cava
c) Tibial vein
d) Coronary vein
e) Iliac vein

A

a) Inferior vena cava

51
Q

51) When the umbilical cord is tied after birth, the umbilical arteries close by filling in with
a) placental fluid.
b) platelet plugs.
c) connective tissue.
d) smooth muscle.
e) epithelial tissue.

A

c) connective tissue.

52
Q

52) Describe the vessel wall characteristics of the five main types of blood vessels that blood travels through from the time it leaves the left ventricle until it returns to the right atrium.

A

Solution: Blood is carried away from the heart in arteries. All arteries have an outer tunica externa (mostly elastic and collagen fibers), an inner tunica media (mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers) and a lining called the tunica interna (endothelial tissue). Large diameter arteries have more elastic fibers than smooth muscle in their walls and conduct blood to regions of the body, e.g. the subclavian artery carries blood toward the upper extremity. As arteries enter a body region, they branch and their diameters decrease. Their walls have proportionately more smooth muscle than elastic tissue. These arteries are called muscular or distributing arteries, e.g. the radial artery. Branching of the blood vessels continues until the vessels are nearly microscopic arterioles. Arterioles have little elastic tissue, but can change diameter quickly because of the smooth muscle in their wall. Thus, they are the major sites of regulation of blood pressure and distribution. Arterioles feed into capillary beds. Capillaries are the sites of exchange between the tissues and the blood. Venules drain the capillaries and begin the path back to the heart. Venules merge to form veins (and ultimately, vena cava) that carry the blood to the heart. Veins have much less smooth muscle than arteries. Vein also have valves that help prevent backflow of blood.

53
Q

53) In a freak accident, an overheated and dehydrated roofer falls off the roof and onto a mirror that is being brought into a construction site. The mirror breaks and cuts several blood vessels, including the femoral artery. What will happen to the roofer’s NFP in his capillary beds? Why?

A

Solution: If the roofer overheated, he probably had already lost a significant volume of body fluid through perspiration as his body tried to cool off. That loss would account for the dehydration. Loss of fluid without significant loss of solutes causes the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) to increase. The cuts the roofer suffered would cause hemorrhaging and a loss of blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP). If the BHP goes down and the BCOP goes up, the net filtration pressure (NFP) should decrease because NFP = (BHP + IFOP) – BCOP. [IFOP is the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, which is so much smaller than the BHP or BCOP that it usually doesn’t change NFP.]

54
Q

54) Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to systemic vascular resistance.

A

Solution: 1) Blood viscosity is dependent on the ratio of formed elements and proteins to plasma. In general, increased viscosity, via increased formed elements or decreasing plasma volume, increases resistance. 2) Total blood vessel length is directly proportional to resistance; thus, increasing length of circuit (by adding new blood vessels to serve added tissue) increases resistance. 3) Diameter/radius of blood vessels, which is primarily controlled by ANS, has a major effect on resistance. Increased vessel diameter decreases resistance, thus increasing flow. In general, changes in the diameter of small vessels (e.g. arterioles) have greater effect because more surface area is in contact with blood.

55
Q

55) Describe the route of an RBC traveling from the heart to the left elbow and back to the heart.

A

Solution: From the heart, the RBC will enter the ascending aorta and then the aortic arch. The RBC will exit the aorta through the left subclavian artery, continue on that route through the axillary artery and into the brachial artery. At the elbow, the blood cell will exit into one of the small distributing arteries, move into a capillary bed, and then into venules in the elbow region. The RBC will then probably enter the median cubital vein and move into either the basilic or the cephalic vein. The basilic vein drains into the brachial vein, which drains into the axillary vein. The cephalic vein drains directly into the axillary vein. From axillary vein, the RBC will travel into the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins before entering the superior vena cava. The SVC will take the RBC back to the heart.

56
Q

56) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “B”?
a) right ulnar artery
b) right subclavian artery
c) right radial artery
d) right brachial artery
e) right axillary artery

A

b) right subclavian artery

57
Q

57) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “A”?
a) right subclavian artery
b) right radial artery
c) right common carotid artery
d) right brachial artery
e) right axillary artery

A

c) right common carotid artery

58
Q

58) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “B”?
a) left femoral vein
b) left great saphenous vein
c) left popliteal vein
d) left anterior tibial vein
e) left fibular vein

A

a) left femoral vein

59
Q

59) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “C”?
a) left femoral vein
b) left great saphenous vein
c) left popliteal vein
d) left anterior tibial vein
e) left fibular vein

A

b) left great saphenous vein

60
Q

60) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “F”?
a) left femoral vein
b) left great saphenous vein
c) left popliteal vein
d) left anterior tibial vein
e) left small saphenous vein

A

d) left anterior tibial vein

61
Q

61) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “C”?
a) accessory hemiazygos vein
b) hemiazygos vein
c) left gonadal vein
d) right renal vein
e) right suprarenal vein

A

c) left gonadal vein

62
Q

62) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “D”?
a) accessory hemiazygos vein
b) hemiazygos vein
c) right renal vein
d) right suprarenal vein
e) pericardial vein

A

c) right renal vein

63
Q

63) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “G”?
a) accessory hemiazygos vein
b) hemiazygos vein
c) right suprarenal vein
d) pericardial vein
e) azygos vein

A

e) azygos vein

64
Q

64) What is the main difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulations with respect to their autoregulatory response to changes in blood O2 level?

A

Solution: In systemic circulation, low O2 causes dilation of the blood vessel walls. This will lead to increase in O2 delivery to tissues. In pulmonary circulation, the opposite occurs in response to low levels of O2. The pulmonary vessels constrict to ensure blood only goes to those alveoli that are receiving rich O2 supply and avoids poorly ventilated sacs.

65
Q

65) During embryonic development, blood vessels are formed by
a) endodermal cells.
b) pluripotent stem cells.
c) angioblasts.
d) fibroblasts.
e) osteoblasts.

A

c) angioblasts.

66
Q

66) During embryonic development, blood cells are formed from
a) endodermal cells.
b) pluripotent stem cells.
c) angioblasts.
d) fibroblasts.
e) osteoblasts.

A

b) pluripotent stem cells.

67
Q

67) What is a portal vein? Describe the hepatic portal circulation.

A

Solution: A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called a portal vein. The hepatic portal circulation carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver. It receives blood from GI organs and the spleen and delivers it to the liver. After a meal it is very rich in nutrients absorbed from the GI tract.

68
Q

68) Normal blood pressure for a young adult male is
a) 120/80.
b) 130/90.
c) 80/120.
d) 100/80.
e) 150/85.

A

a) 120/80.

69
Q

69) Which of the following types of blood vessels have high pulsing blood pressure?
a) arterioles
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) veins
e) vena cavae

A

a) arterioles

70
Q

70) What would the pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure be for an individual with a blood pressure of 120/80?
a) 40; 100
b) 40; 93.3
c) 40; 103.3
d) 200; 100
e) 100; 200

A

b) 40; 93.3

71
Q

71) Which of the following effectors would NOT be activated as described below in response to hypovolemic shock?
a) Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone.
b) Kidneys conserve salt and water.
c) Heart rate increases.
d) Systemic arterioles vasodilate.
e) Heart contractility increases.

A

d) Systemic arterioles vasodilate.

72
Q

72) The pulmonary circulatory route carries blood from the
a) right atrium to the right ventricle .
b) right ventricle to the left atrium.
c) left atrium to the left ventricle.
d) left ventricle to the right atrium.
e) left ventricle to the coronary sinus.

A

b) right ventricle to the left atrium.

73
Q

73) All of the following changes are commonly observed in the cardiovascular system in response to aging EXCEPT
a) decreased cardiac output.
b) increased compliance of the aorta.
c) loss of cardiac muscle strength.
d) decline in maximum heart rate.
e) increased systolic blood pressure.

A

b) increased compliance of the aorta.

74
Q

74) Which of the following categories would an individual with a blood pressure of 145/95 be placed in?
a) Normal
b) High normal
c) Prehypertension
d) Stage 1 hypertension
e) Stage 2 hypertension

A

d) Stage 1 hypertension

75
Q

75) Which of the following categories of hypertension drugs lower blood pressure by blocking formation of angiotensin II, which results in vasodilation and decreased aldosterone secretion?
a) Diuretics
b) ACE inhibitors
c) Beta blockers
d) Calcium channel blockers
e) Anabolic steroids

A

b) ACE inhibitors

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