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Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The brain and spinal cord develop from the _____ neural tube. a) mesodermal b) endodermal c) ectodermal d) cranial e) caudal

A

c) ectodermal

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2
Q

Which brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct? a) Prosencephalon b) Mesencephalon c) Rhombencephalon d) Telencephalon e) Myelencephalon

A

b) Mesencephalon

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain?

a) Brain stem
b) Cerebellum
c) Cauda equina
d) Diencephalon
e) Cerebrum

A

c) Cauda equina

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4
Q

Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

a) Brain stem
b) Cerebrum
c) Cerebellum
d) Diencephalon
e) Dura mater

A

a) Brain stem

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5
Q

Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?

a) Cerebellum
b) Brain stem
c) Cerebrum
d) Diencephalon
e) Dura mater

A

d) Diencephalon

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6
Q

Which of the following meninges has two layers?

a) Spinal dura mater
b) Cranial dura mater
c) Spinal arachnoid mater
d) Cranial arachnoid mater
e) All of these choices

A

b) Cranial dura mater

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7
Q

Which extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

a) Falx cerebri
b) Falx cerebelli
c) Tentorium cerebelli
d) Tentorium cerebri
e) None of these choices

A

a) Falx cerebri

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8
Q

Which of the following structures protect the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue?

a) Dura mater
b) Arachnoid mater
c) Cerebrospinal fluid
d) Blood brain barrier
e) All of these choices

A

d) Blood brain barrier

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the _____ to neurons and neuroglia.

a) interstitial fluid
b) bile
c) intracellular fluid
d) arachnoid space
e) blood

A

e) blood

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10
Q

Which of the following is a fluid-filled cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?

a) Lateral ventricle
b) Septum pellucidum
c) Fourth ventricle
d) Third ventricle
e) Corpus callosum

A

a) Lateral ventricle

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11
Q

Which of the following is a narrow fluid-filled cavity found along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus?

a) Lateral ventricle
b) Septum pellucidum
c) Third ventricle
d) Fourth ventricle
e) Fifth ventricle

A

c) Third ventricle

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12
Q

Which of the following describes a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

  1. Mechanical protection
  2. pH homeostasis
  3. Circulation

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 1 and 2
e) All of these choices

A

e) All of these choices

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13
Q

Which of the following are networks of capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid and are found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain?

a) Choroid plexuses
b) Lateral apertures
c) Interventricular foramina
d) Brachial plexuses
e) Aqueduct of the midbrain

A

a) Choroid plexuses

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14
Q

Which fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid?

a) Choroid plexuses
b) Microvilli
c) Arachnoid villi
d) Dural villi
e) Lemnisci

A

c) Arachnoid villi

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15
Q

Which of the following disorders is the most common brain disorder?

a) Transient ischemic attack
b) Alzheimer’s disease
c) Cerebrovascular accident
d) Brain tumor
e) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A

c) Cerebrovascular accident

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16
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for the “startle reflex” in response to loud sounds?

a) Superior colliculus
b) Inferior colliculus
c) Pontine nucleus
d) Medial lemniscus
e) Arbor vitae

A

b) Inferior colliculus

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17
Q

Which region of the brain contains the pontine respiratory group and apneustic areas that help control respiration?

a) Spinal cord
b) Midbrain
c) Pons
d) Thalamus
e) Cerebellum

A

c) Pons

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18
Q

Pyramids are

a) gray matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata.
b) white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata.
c) gray matter protrusions found on the pons.
d) white matter protrusions found on the pons.
e) a network of white and gray matter found in the medulla oblongata.

A

b) white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata.

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19
Q

Which region of the brain contains the inferior olivary nucleus?

a) Pons
b) Medulla oblongata
c) Pyramids
d) Hypothalamus
e) Midbrain

A

b) Medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Which of the following is a branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve?

a) Opthalmic nerve
b) Maxillary nerve
c) Mandibular nerve
d) All of these are branches of the trigeminal (V) nerve
e) None of these are branches of the trigeminal (V) nerve

A

d) All of these are branches of the trigeminal (V) nerve

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21
Q

Which of the following is a nucleus found in the medulla oblongata that receives sensory information associated with touch, pressure and vibration?

a) Tectum
b) Superior colliculus
c) Substantia nigra
d) Pontine nucleus
e) Gracile nucleus

A

e) Gracile nucleus

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22
Q

Which of the following is a nucleus found in the midbrain that releases dopamine?

a) Substantia nigra
b) Inferior olivary nucleus
c) Inferior colliculus
d) Cerebral peduncle
e) pontine nucleus

A

a) Substantia nigra

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23
Q

Which portion of the cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance?

a) Tentorium cerebelli
b) Anterior lobe
c) Posterior lobe
d) Flocculonodular lobe
e) Transverse fissure

A

d) Flocculonodular lobe

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24
Q

The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are

a) parallel folds of white matter.
b) found in the vermis only.
c) portions of the pyramids.
d) parallel folds of gray matter.
e) used in the RAS system.

A

d) parallel folds of gray matter.

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25
Q

Which structure carries sensory information coming from proprioceptors found in the trunk and limbs into the cerebellum?

a) Inferior cerebellar peduncle
b) Middle cerebellar peduncle
c) Superior cerebellar peduncle
d) Anterior lobe
e) Posterior lobe

A

a) Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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26
Q

Which region of the brain serves as the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem?

a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Epithalamus
d) Pons
e) Midbrain

A

a) Thalamus

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27
Q

Which of the following are NOT controlled by the hypothalamus?

a) Hunger
b) Thirst
c) Blood calcium concentration
d) Emotional behavior
e) Body temperature

A

c) Blood calcium concentration

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28
Q

Which of the following glands is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

a) Posterior pituitary gland
b) Anterior pituitary gland
c) Thymus gland
d) Pancreas
e) Pineal gland

A

b) Anterior pituitary gland

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29
Q

Which region of the brain contains the pineal gland?

a) Thalamus
b) Cerebellum
c) Hypothalamus
d) Cerebrum
e) Epithalalmus

A

e) Epithalalmus

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30
Q

During brain development, the gyri of the cerebrum are formed because

a) the white matter enlarges faster than the overlying gray matter.
b) the cerebrum grows faster than the dura mater.
c) the hypothalamus is larger than the epithalamus.
d) the gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter.
e) the lobes of the cerebrum are not symmetrical.

A

d) the gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter.

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31
Q

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

a) Association tracts
b) Corpus callosum
c) Projection tracts
d) Pyramids
e) Sulci

A

b) Corpus callosum

32
Q

Together the lentiform and caudate nuclei are known as the

a) globus pallidus.
b) putamen.
c) medial geniculate nucleus.
d) corpus striatum.
e) internal capsule.

A

d) corpus striatum.

33
Q

Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for sensing body touch and temperature?

a) Broca’s area
b) Primary visual area
c) Common integrative area
d) Prefrontal cortex area
e) Primary somatosensory area

A

e) Primary somatosensory area

34
Q

Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?

a) Broca’s area
b) Primary visual area
c) Common integrative area
d) Primary olfactory area
e) Primary somatosensory area

A

b) Primary visual area

35
Q

Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for conscious movements of the body?

a) Broca’s area
b) Primary visual area
c) Somatosensory association area
d) Primary motor area
e) Primary somatosensory area

A

d) Primary motor area

36
Q

Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for speech?

a) Broca’s area
b) Primary gustatory area
c) Common integrative area
d) Prefrontal cortex area
e) Primary somatosensory area

A

a) Broca’s area

37
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves carries sensory information coming from the nasal cavity to the olfactory area of the cerebrum?

a) olfactory (I) nerve (cranial nerve I)
b) trigeminal (V) nerve (cranial nerve V)
c) abducens (VI) nerve (cranial nerve VI)
d) vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
e) vagus (X) nerve (cranial nerve X)

A

a) olfactory (I) nerve (cranial nerve I)

38
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball?

a) optic (II) nerve, oculomotor (III) nerve, and trochlear (IV) nerve
b) olfactory (I) nerve, trigeminal (V) nerve, and vagus (X) nerve
c) oculomotor (III) nerve, glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, and trigeminal (V) nerve
d) oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV) nerve, and abducens (VI) nerve
e) vagus (X) nerve, accessory (XI) nerve, and hypoglossal (XII) nerve

A

d) oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV) nerve, and abducens (VI) nerve

39
Q

Cranial nerve V is also known as the _____ nerve.

a) trochlear
b) oculomotor
c) trigeminal
d) vagus
e) abducens

A

c) trigeminal

40
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for regulating visceral activity?

a) Oculomotor
b) Trigeminal
c) Spinal accessory
d) Facial
e) Vagus

A

e) Vagus

41
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily responsible for changing facial expressions?

a) Oculomotor
b) Trigeminal
c) Spinal accessory
d) Facial
e) Vagus

A

d) Facial

42
Q

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram is the thalamus?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

b) B

43
Q

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram contains centers that control heart rate and blood pressure?

A

c) D

44
Q

This major portion of the brain is used to monitor movements initiated by the motor areas of the cerebrum.

A

b) E

45
Q

In 1848, a railroad worker named Phineas Gage was seriously injured during an explosion on the job. A tapered metal rod ranging from 0.25 inches to 1.25 inches in diameter and over 3 feet long entered his skull just under his left cheek bone and exited through the top of his skull. The rod was found over twenty feet away. Amazingly, Gage lived even though he suffered massive damage to the left front of his brain. His personality and intellectual abilities changed, however. Before the accident, he was respected as a smart, capable and even-tempered man. After the accident, he was foul-mouthed and bad-tempered and could not make up his mind. In the years immediately preceding his death, he began to have epileptic seizures. Explain the changes observed in Mr. Gage based on your knowledge of the brain.

A

The accident apparently damaged the frontal lobe and specifically the prefrontal cortex of the left side of Mr. Gage’s brain. The frontal lobe is involved in memory and intellect. The prefrontal cortex is involved in judgment, ethics, and conscious. The changes Mr. Gage experienced indicate that the right side of his brain could not compensate for the losses on the left side of the brain. It is remarkable that the story doesn’t mention that Mr. Gage lost some motor function on his right side since it is controlled by the primary motor region on left side of the brain. There is also no mention of loss of speech, which is largely processed on the left side of the brain. Perhaps the iron rod just missed those areas. As far as the epileptic seizures are concerned, it is possible that the accident damaged the basal ganglia to some degree. As he aged and lost connections between neurons that damage might have become more evident as the basal ganglia could no longer communicate effectively with the rest of the brain.

46
Q

Describe the structural and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

A

The hypothalamus releases regulatory hormones into the capillary networks in the median eminence to increase or decrease hormone production and secretion from the anterior pituitary. Axons from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei extend through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary. Their cell bodies produce oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone, which through axonal transport these hormones are moved into the posterior pituitary where they are stored and released from the axon terminals.

47
Q

Anosmia may result from head injuries in which the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is fractured. This condition results in impaired function of which cranial nerve in the diagram?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

a) A

48
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram is primarily involved in the sense of vision?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

b) B

49
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram has a somatic motor function primarily involved in moving the upper eyelid and eyeball?

A

c) C

50
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram has an autonomic motor function primarily involved in near vision accommodation and constriction of the pupil?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) F

A

c) C

51
Q

Damage to which of the cranial nerves in the diagram would result in strabismus?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) E
e) G

A

c) C

52
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram has a somatic motor function primarily involved in chewing?

a) E
b) G
c) H
d) I
e) J

A

a) E

53
Q

The maxillary branch of this labeled cranial nerve is found in the area where dentists apply anesthetic drugs for numbing the upper jaw.

a) E
b) G
c) H
d) I
e) J

A

a) E

54
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

a) B
b) C
c) D
d) E
e) F

A

e) F

55
Q

Damage to which cranial nerve in the diagram will cause the inability of an eyeball to move laterally beyond the midpoint?

a) B
b) C
c) D
d) E
e) F

A

e) F

56
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram has an autonomic motor function primarily involved in the secretion of saliva and tears?

a) B
b) C
c) D
d) F
e) G

A

e) G

57
Q

Damage to which cranial nerve in the diagram by shingles or Lyme disease produces Bell’s palsy?

a) F
b) G
c) H
d) I
e) L

A

b) G

58
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram has an autonomic motor function primarily involved in stimulating secretion of saliva?

a) F
b) I
c) J
d) K
e) L

A

b) I

59
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram causes heart rate to decrease?

a) H
b) I
c) J
d) K
e) L

A

d) K

60
Q

Which cranial nerve in the diagram is involved with speech and swallowing and has a purely motor function?

a) H
b) I
c) J
d) K
e) L

A

e) L

61
Q

Hand preference when writing or throwing is an example of

a) cranial nerve damage.
b) hemispheric lateralization.
c) damage to the olfactory nerve.
d) damage to the Broca’s area.
e) None of these choices.

A

b) hemispheric lateralization.

62
Q

Patients with damage in the left hemisphere often exhibit aphasia (inability to use or comprehend words). This is an example of

a) apraxia.
b) delirium.
c) cerebral lacerations.
d) hemispheric lateralization.
e) decussations.

A

d) hemispheric lateralization.

63
Q

An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by

a) neurons in the pons.
b) neurons in the medulla oblongata.
c) neurons in the thalamus.
d) neurons in the cerebral cortex.
e) neurons in the cerebellum.

A

d) neurons in the cerebral cortex.

64
Q

This type of brain wave occurs at regular intervals when a person is awake but not when a person is sleeping.

a) Alpha waves
b) Beta waves
c) Theta waves
d) Delta waves.
e) All of the selections are correct

A

b) Beta waves

65
Q

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

a) alpha waves.
b) beta waves.
c) theta waves.
d) delta waves.
e) P waves.

A

b) beta waves.

66
Q

Brain waves that appear during deep sleep are called

a) alpha waves.
b) beta waves.
c) theta waves.
d) delta waves.
e) P waves.

A

d) delta waves.

67
Q

Blood flows to the brain through the _____ arteries and away from the brain through the _____ vein.

a) internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular
b) external carotid and vertebral; external jugular
c) internal jugular and vertebral; internal carotid
d) internal carotid and axillary; internal jugular
e) external jugular and axillary; external jugular

A

a) internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular

68
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of the blood-brain barrier that provides its functional characteristics?

a) Processes of astrocytes wrap tightly around capillaries in the brain.
b) Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain.
c) Gap junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain.
d) Spot desmosomes tightly link capillary endothelial cells together.
e) The basement membrane of capillaries in the brain contains extremely small pores.

A

b) Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain.

69
Q

A deep indentation found along the medial plane that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the

a) septum pellucidum.
b) transverse fissure.
c) tentorium cerebelli.
d) corpus callosum.
e) longitudinal fissure.

A

e) longitudinal fissure.

70
Q

The central sulcus of the cerebrum separates the

a) two cerebral hemispheres.
b) frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
c) frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.
d) parietal lobe from the temporal lobe.
e) temporal lobe from the occipital lobe.

A

b) frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

71
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is found deep to the other four lobes and thus cannot be observed from the surface?

a) occipital lobe
b) temporal lobe
c) parietal lobe
d) insula
e) corpus callosum

A

d) insula

72
Q

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

a) Association tracts
b) Commissural tracts
c) Projection tracts
d) Mammillothalamic tracts
e) Stria medullaris

A

a) Association tracts

73
Q

Which three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements?

a) red nuclei
b) vestibular nuclei
c) lateral olivary nuclei
d) basal nuclei
e) autonomic ganglia

A

d) basal nuclei

74
Q

Damage to which portion of the limbic system results in loss of memory of recent events and difficulty committing anything new to memory?

a) amygdala
b) dentate gyrus
c) cingulate gyrus
d) hippocampus
e) septal nuclei

A

d) hippocampus

75
Q

A common type of disabling senile dementia that affects about 11% of the population over 65 and results in loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself, is called

a) agnosia.
b) prosopagnosia.
c) Alzheimer disease.
d) transient ischemic attack syndrome.
e) amylotrophic lateral sclerosis.

A

c) Alzheimer disease.

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