Chapter 21 Flashcards
Starts in one part of the body and then spreads to other sites
Systemic Infection
Fluid and white blood cells involved in fighting infections
lymphatic system
circulation between the heart and lungs
pulmonary circuit
circulation between the heart and rest of the body
systemic circulation
Lymphadenopathy
swelling of the lymph nodes
lymphadenitis
inflammation of the lymph nodes
lymphangitis
inflammation of the lymph vessels
Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-herpes virus family
-shed in saliva
-fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue
-infects and replicates
-B-cells have atypical appearance
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
-cancer of B lymphocytes
-tumors form in jaw and around eye
-grows rapidly
-treatment is chemo
Cytomegalovirus
-herpes
-dsDNA virus, integrates into chromosome, latency
-asymptomatic
-cell-mediated immunity
-reinfection
-immunocompromised individuals face higher risk of reactivation
-vertical transmission
dengue hemorrhagic fever
-endemic in the tropics
-causes intense joint and muscle pain
-transmitted by mosquitoes
ebola virus
-acute rapid onset of fever, muscle pains, and bleeding from multiple orifices
-transmitted through contact with body fluids
chikungunya virus
-causes debilitating muscle pain
-prevalent in the area around the Indian Ocean, Europe, and recently the US
Bacteremia
bacteria in the blood stream
septicemia
pathogen replicates to high numbers, overcomes the innate immune system
sepsis
infection of the bloodstream
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
medical emergency characterized by rapid heart rate, breathing rate, and abnormal WBC count
septic shock
catastrophic drop in blood pressure due to severe sepsis
Superantigens or PAMPs
cells of immune system interact with these, cytokine storm
Plague
yersinia pestis
bubonic plague
-organisms move from site to lymph nodes, forming buboes
-not transmissible
septicemic plague
-pathogens enter bloodstream
-not transmissible
pneumonic plague
-pathogen infect lungs
-transmissible, easily spread through population via coughing
-untreated patients can die within 24-48 hours
Virulence factors of Yersinia pestis
-lipoproteins: inhibits phagocytosis
-F1 protein capsule: blocks phagocytosis
-biofilm formation: attachment
-type 3 secretion system: injects
Lyme disease
-most common vector-borne illness
-treatment: antibiotics
Typhoid fever
-salmonella enterica serovar typhi
-lives inside macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract
-infects variety of organ system via macrophages
-bacteria are continuously shed during infection; can be transmitted via fecal-oral route
rocky mountain spotted fever
-caused by rickettsia
-transmitted by ticks and lice
-rash begins on the wrist and ankles and spreads to the center of the body
Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)
-Slow onset and vague symptoms
-Usually caused by S. mutans (part of mouth microbiota)
Acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE)
-Rapidly progressive and highly destructive-fever, backflow of blood through heart valve, abscess formation
-S. aureus
Malaria
-Caused by four species of Plasmodium
-P. falciparum
-P. vivax
-P. ovale
-P. malariae
-complex lifecycle
-treatment includes chloroquine
Babesiosis
-is caused by Babesia microti
-Similar to malaria, except it is transmitted by ticks
-Characteristic cell arrangement
-Immunocompetent patients have a mild flu-like illness.
-Patients with immunosuppression can have a prolonged illness.
Chagas disease
-Trypanosoma cruzi
-Vector = Reduviid bug
-Fever and lymphadenopathy
-Systemic symptoms include
-Enlarged spleen, liver, neurological issues, myocarditis
-Treatment
Nifurtimox or benznidazole
Death usually due to heart failure
Toxoplasmosis
-Toxoplasma gondii
-Transmitted to humans via cats
-Two stages: feline and mammal stage
-Symptoms
Immunocompetent individuals = no/mild symptoms
-Immunocompromised individuals = more serious
-Congenital disease = organism crosses placenta
Severity of disease depends on gestational age of fetus
Leishmaniasis
-Cutaneous
-Leishmania tropica and L. braziliensis
-Visceral
-Patients may die within months.
-Treatment is antiparasitic drugs.
Filariasis
-describes a group of diseases caused by nematodes in the family Filarioidea.
-Larva transmitted from mosquitoes or flies to humans
-Adult worms in the lymphatic system can produce lymphatic obstruction.
-Swelling of limb (elephantiasis)
-Swelling of scrotum (hydrocele)
