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Anatomy and Physiology 2 unit 2 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity

A

resistance to a particular disease or pathogen

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2
Q

What are pathogens

A

things that cause disease

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3
Q

What cells and chemical are in the second line of defense of the immune system

A

NK cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, fever

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4
Q

What happens to neutrophils when they find an infectious material

A

they become phagocytic

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5
Q

What is the respiratory burst

A

killing pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzyms

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6
Q

How do defensins kill

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis

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7
Q

What type of cells do NK cells kill

A

virus infected and cancer

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8
Q

What do NK cells look for

A

lack of self antigens on cell surface

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9
Q

Steps of apoptosis

A

cell shrink, fragments, cytoskeleton collapses, nuclear envelope disassembles, cells release apoptotic bodies

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10
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation

A

fight foreign invaders and bring blood flow to area

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11
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness warmth swelling pain loss of function

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12
Q

What are inflammatory chemicals

A

cytokines

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13
Q

Why do inflammatory chemicals help

A

bring WBC to area

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14
Q

What is exudate

A

fluid that causes edema to prevent spreading

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15
Q

What is hyperemia

A

congestion of blood in area that causes redness and heat

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16
Q

Exudate may cause what

A

edema

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17
Q

What is edema helpful for

A

pushing fluid from blood vessels into tissue spaces

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18
Q

What are the steps of mobilization

A

leukocytosis-inducing factors, margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis

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19
Q

What are leukocytosis-inducing factors

A

released by injured cells, increase neutrophils from bone marrow

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20
Q

What is margination

A

neutrophils cling to capillary walls via CAM

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21
Q

What is diapedesis

A

neutrophils through capillary walls

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22
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

attract neutrophils and WBCs to site

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23
Q

What is pus

A

dead or dying neutrophils tissue cells or pathogens

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24
Q

What are pyrogens

A

cause fever secreted by leukocytes

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25
What are the results of a fever
non specific immune defenses, decrease pathogen growth
26
What is Reye syndrome
in children younger than 15 after viral infection
27
What are the symptoms of reye syndrome
swelling of brain, fatty infiltration of liver
28
What can be caused by reye syndrome
nausea vomiting disorientation seizure and coma
29
What are macrophages derived from
monocytes
30
What is systemic immunity
not restricted to infection site
31
What is immunogenicity
ability of cells/tissues to provoke an immune response
32
What is reactivity
react with Abs and lymphocytes
33
What antigenic determinants
sites where antibodies or lymphocytes can bind
34
What are MHC responsible for
genetic marks cells as self
35
What are B cells responsible for
become plasma cells that make antibodies
36
What are T cells
kill infected cells
37
What do secondary lymphoid organs help with in the immune system
help make T cells
38
What is clonal selection
a process by which the body produces B and T cells to respond to infection
39
What is clonal selection
a process by which body produces B and T cells to respond to infections
40
What is immunological memory
ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been previously encountered
41
Why is there a lag time in primary immune response
the immune system doesn't immediately recognize antigens
42
What is naturally acquired active immunity
acquired from exposure to disease organism through infection with actual disease
43
What is artificially acquired active immunity
immunization with an antigen
44
What is naturally acquired passive immunity
when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them themselves
45
What is artificially acquired passive immunity
giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies from someone else
46
What are the 5 classes of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
47
What is the most common class of antibody
IgG
48
What are monoclonal antibodies used for
diagnosis, disease treatment, research
49
What are CD4 cells
helper T cells
50
What are CD8 cells
cytotoxic T cells
51
Where are class 1 MHC
cell surface of all nucleated cells
52
Where are class 2 MHC
only on APCs and recognized by helper T cells
53
What is immunologic surveillance
monitoring process of immune system to detect and destroy virally infected and neoplastically transformed cells
54
What are cytokines
substances secreted by certain cells of the immune system that interact with other cells
55
What are TH1 cells
promote cell mediated responses required for host defense and secrete IFN gamma
56
What are TH2 cells
mediate activation and maintenance of humoral or antibody responses, secrete IL
57
What do cytotoxic t cells destroy
foreign cells, cancer cells, virus infected cells
58
What are the functions of natural killer cells
effector lymphocytes, innate immune system, work on tumor, microbial infections
59
What is immune surveillance
NK and cytotoxic t cells prowl the body
60
What are autografts
a patients own tissue is used
61
What are isografts
tissue from a genetically identical twin donor is used
62
What are allografts
tissue from a donor not genetically identical is used
63
What are xenografts
tissues from a donor of a different species
64
What is SCID
severe combined immunodeficiency
65
What is hodgkin's disease
type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system
66
How is HIV treated
antiretroviral medicines
67
what are Subacute hypersensitivities
slower onset and last longer
68
What is anaphylaxis
severe potentially life-threating allergic reactions
69
What is multiple sclerosis
white matter of brain and cord destroyed
70
What is myasthenia gravis
antibodies destroy communication between nerves and muscle
71
What is grave's disease
overproduction of TH
72
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
kidneys lungs and skin primarily effected
73
What is glomerulonephritis
kidney function impaired
74
What is rheumatoid arthritis
joint destruction
75
What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system
acid from skin, enzymes in saliva and lacrimal fluid, mucin or really stick mucus, denfensins
76
What are IFN alpha and beta used for
interference of replication with virus
77
What do IFN alpha and beta activate
macrophages and mobilize NK cells
78
What secretes IFN gamma
lymphocytes
79
What are the functions of IFN gamma
widespread immune mobilization and activation of macrophages
80
What is complement
a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens
81
How does complement work
it binds to protein fragments that are produced in cells in response to antigen antibody complexes or damage associated molecules
82
How do antibodies kill
they trigger several pathways that lead to death such as phagocytosis and complement
83
What do regulatory T cells do
Dampen immune response by direct contact or inhibitory cytokines

Anatomy and Physiology 2 unit 2 (3 decks)

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