Chapter 21 Flashcards
What is immunity
resistance to a particular disease or pathogen
What are pathogens
things that cause disease
What cells and chemical are in the second line of defense of the immune system
NK cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, fever
What happens to neutrophils when they find an infectious material
they become phagocytic
What is the respiratory burst
killing pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzyms
How do defensins kill
inhibits cell wall synthesis
What type of cells do NK cells kill
virus infected and cancer
What do NK cells look for
lack of self antigens on cell surface
Steps of apoptosis
cell shrink, fragments, cytoskeleton collapses, nuclear envelope disassembles, cells release apoptotic bodies
What are the benefits of inflammation
fight foreign invaders and bring blood flow to area
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
redness warmth swelling pain loss of function
What are inflammatory chemicals
cytokines
Why do inflammatory chemicals help
bring WBC to area
What is exudate
fluid that causes edema to prevent spreading
What is hyperemia
congestion of blood in area that causes redness and heat
Exudate may cause what
edema
What is edema helpful for
pushing fluid from blood vessels into tissue spaces
What are the steps of mobilization
leukocytosis-inducing factors, margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis
What are leukocytosis-inducing factors
released by injured cells, increase neutrophils from bone marrow
What is margination
neutrophils cling to capillary walls via CAM
What is diapedesis
neutrophils through capillary walls
What is chemotaxis
attract neutrophils and WBCs to site
What is pus
dead or dying neutrophils tissue cells or pathogens
What are pyrogens
cause fever secreted by leukocytes
What are the results of a fever
non specific immune defenses, decrease pathogen growth
What is Reye syndrome
in children younger than 15 after viral infection
What are the symptoms of reye syndrome
swelling of brain, fatty infiltration of liver
What can be caused by reye syndrome
nausea vomiting disorientation seizure and coma
What are macrophages derived from
monocytes
What is systemic immunity
not restricted to infection site
What is immunogenicity
ability of cells/tissues to provoke an immune response
What is reactivity
react with Abs and lymphocytes
What antigenic determinants
sites where antibodies or lymphocytes can bind
What are MHC responsible for
genetic marks cells as self
What are B cells responsible for
become plasma cells that make antibodies
What are T cells
kill infected cells
What do secondary lymphoid organs help with in the immune system
help make T cells
What is clonal selection
a process by which the body produces B and T cells to respond to infection
What is clonal selection
a process by which body produces B and T cells to respond to infections
What is immunological memory
ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been previously encountered
Why is there a lag time in primary immune response
the immune system doesn’t immediately recognize antigens
What is naturally acquired active immunity
acquired from exposure to disease organism through infection with actual disease
What is artificially acquired active immunity
immunization with an antigen
What is naturally acquired passive immunity
when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them themselves
What is artificially acquired passive immunity
giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies from someone else
What are the 5 classes of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
What is the most common class of antibody
IgG
What are monoclonal antibodies used for
diagnosis, disease treatment, research
What are CD4 cells
helper T cells
What are CD8 cells
cytotoxic T cells
Where are class 1 MHC
cell surface of all nucleated cells
Where are class 2 MHC
only on APCs and recognized by helper T cells
What is immunologic surveillance
monitoring process of immune system to detect and destroy virally infected and neoplastically transformed cells
What are cytokines
substances secreted by certain cells of the immune system that interact with other cells
What are TH1 cells
promote cell mediated responses required for host defense and secrete IFN gamma
What are TH2 cells
mediate activation and maintenance of humoral or antibody responses, secrete IL
What do cytotoxic t cells destroy
foreign cells, cancer cells, virus infected cells
What are the functions of natural killer cells
effector lymphocytes, innate immune system, work on tumor, microbial infections
What is immune surveillance
NK and cytotoxic t cells prowl the body
What are autografts
a patients own tissue is used
What are isografts
tissue from a genetically identical twin donor is used
What are allografts
tissue from a donor not genetically identical is used
What are xenografts
tissues from a donor of a different species
What is SCID
severe combined immunodeficiency
What is hodgkin’s disease
type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system which is part of the body’s germ-fighting immune system
How is HIV treated
antiretroviral medicines
what are Subacute hypersensitivities
slower onset and last longer
What is anaphylaxis
severe potentially life-threating allergic reactions
What is multiple sclerosis
white matter of brain and cord destroyed
What is myasthenia gravis
antibodies destroy communication between nerves and muscle
What is grave’s disease
overproduction of TH
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
kidneys lungs and skin primarily effected
What is glomerulonephritis
kidney function impaired
What is rheumatoid arthritis
joint destruction
What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system
acid from skin, enzymes in saliva and lacrimal fluid, mucin or really stick mucus, denfensins
What are IFN alpha and beta used for
interference of replication with virus
What do IFN alpha and beta activate
macrophages and mobilize NK cells
What secretes IFN gamma
lymphocytes
What are the functions of IFN gamma
widespread immune mobilization and activation of macrophages
What is complement
a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens
How does complement work
it binds to protein fragments that are produced in cells in response to antigen antibody complexes or damage associated molecules
How do antibodies kill
they trigger several pathways that lead to death such as phagocytosis and complement
What do regulatory T cells do
Dampen immune response by direct contact or inhibitory cytokines
