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Anatomy and Physiology 2 unit 2 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity

A

resistance to a particular disease or pathogen

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2
Q

What are pathogens

A

things that cause disease

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3
Q

What cells and chemical are in the second line of defense of the immune system

A

NK cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, fever

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4
Q

What happens to neutrophils when they find an infectious material

A

they become phagocytic

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5
Q

What is the respiratory burst

A

killing pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzyms

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6
Q

How do defensins kill

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis

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7
Q

What type of cells do NK cells kill

A

virus infected and cancer

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8
Q

What do NK cells look for

A

lack of self antigens on cell surface

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9
Q

Steps of apoptosis

A

cell shrink, fragments, cytoskeleton collapses, nuclear envelope disassembles, cells release apoptotic bodies

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10
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation

A

fight foreign invaders and bring blood flow to area

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11
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness warmth swelling pain loss of function

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12
Q

What are inflammatory chemicals

A

cytokines

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13
Q

Why do inflammatory chemicals help

A

bring WBC to area

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14
Q

What is exudate

A

fluid that causes edema to prevent spreading

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15
Q

What is hyperemia

A

congestion of blood in area that causes redness and heat

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16
Q

Exudate may cause what

A

edema

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17
Q

What is edema helpful for

A

pushing fluid from blood vessels into tissue spaces

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18
Q

What are the steps of mobilization

A

leukocytosis-inducing factors, margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis

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19
Q

What are leukocytosis-inducing factors

A

released by injured cells, increase neutrophils from bone marrow

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20
Q

What is margination

A

neutrophils cling to capillary walls via CAM

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21
Q

What is diapedesis

A

neutrophils through capillary walls

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22
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

attract neutrophils and WBCs to site

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23
Q

What is pus

A

dead or dying neutrophils tissue cells or pathogens

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24
Q

What are pyrogens

A

cause fever secreted by leukocytes

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25
Q

What are the results of a fever

A

non specific immune defenses, decrease pathogen growth

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26
Q

What is Reye syndrome

A

in children younger than 15 after viral infection

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of reye syndrome

A

swelling of brain, fatty infiltration of liver

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28
Q

What can be caused by reye syndrome

A

nausea vomiting disorientation seizure and coma

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29
Q

What are macrophages derived from

A

monocytes

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30
Q

What is systemic immunity

A

not restricted to infection site

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31
Q

What is immunogenicity

A

ability of cells/tissues to provoke an immune response

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32
Q

What is reactivity

A

react with Abs and lymphocytes

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33
Q

What antigenic determinants

A

sites where antibodies or lymphocytes can bind

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34
Q

What are MHC responsible for

A

genetic marks cells as self

35
Q

What are B cells responsible for

A

become plasma cells that make antibodies

36
Q

What are T cells

A

kill infected cells

37
Q

What do secondary lymphoid organs help with in the immune system

A

help make T cells

38
Q

What is clonal selection

A

a process by which the body produces B and T cells to respond to infection

39
Q

What is clonal selection

A

a process by which body produces B and T cells to respond to infections

40
Q

What is immunological memory

A

ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been previously encountered

41
Q

Why is there a lag time in primary immune response

A

the immune system doesn’t immediately recognize antigens

42
Q

What is naturally acquired active immunity

A

acquired from exposure to disease organism through infection with actual disease

43
Q

What is artificially acquired active immunity

A

immunization with an antigen

44
Q

What is naturally acquired passive immunity

A

when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them themselves

45
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity

A

giving a person an injection or transfusion of antibodies from someone else

46
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

47
Q

What is the most common class of antibody

A

IgG

48
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for

A

diagnosis, disease treatment, research

49
Q

What are CD4 cells

A

helper T cells

50
Q

What are CD8 cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

51
Q

Where are class 1 MHC

A

cell surface of all nucleated cells

52
Q

Where are class 2 MHC

A

only on APCs and recognized by helper T cells

53
Q

What is immunologic surveillance

A

monitoring process of immune system to detect and destroy virally infected and neoplastically transformed cells

54
Q

What are cytokines

A

substances secreted by certain cells of the immune system that interact with other cells

55
Q

What are TH1 cells

A

promote cell mediated responses required for host defense and secrete IFN gamma

56
Q

What are TH2 cells

A

mediate activation and maintenance of humoral or antibody responses, secrete IL

57
Q

What do cytotoxic t cells destroy

A

foreign cells, cancer cells, virus infected cells

58
Q

What are the functions of natural killer cells

A

effector lymphocytes, innate immune system, work on tumor, microbial infections

59
Q

What is immune surveillance

A

NK and cytotoxic t cells prowl the body

60
Q

What are autografts

A

a patients own tissue is used

61
Q

What are isografts

A

tissue from a genetically identical twin donor is used

62
Q

What are allografts

A

tissue from a donor not genetically identical is used

63
Q

What are xenografts

A

tissues from a donor of a different species

64
Q

What is SCID

A

severe combined immunodeficiency

65
Q

What is hodgkin’s disease

A

type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system which is part of the body’s germ-fighting immune system

66
Q

How is HIV treated

A

antiretroviral medicines

67
Q

what are Subacute hypersensitivities

A

slower onset and last longer

68
Q

What is anaphylaxis

A

severe potentially life-threating allergic reactions

69
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

white matter of brain and cord destroyed

70
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies destroy communication between nerves and muscle

71
Q

What is grave’s disease

A

overproduction of TH

72
Q

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

kidneys lungs and skin primarily effected

73
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A

kidney function impaired

74
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis

A

joint destruction

75
Q

What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system

A

acid from skin, enzymes in saliva and lacrimal fluid, mucin or really stick mucus, denfensins

76
Q

What are IFN alpha and beta used for

A

interference of replication with virus

77
Q

What do IFN alpha and beta activate

A

macrophages and mobilize NK cells

78
Q

What secretes IFN gamma

A

lymphocytes

79
Q

What are the functions of IFN gamma

A

widespread immune mobilization and activation of macrophages

80
Q

What is complement

A

a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens

81
Q

How does complement work

A

it binds to protein fragments that are produced in cells in response to antigen antibody complexes or damage associated molecules

82
Q

How do antibodies kill

A

they trigger several pathways that lead to death such as phagocytosis and complement

83
Q

What do regulatory T cells do

A

Dampen immune response by direct contact or inhibitory cytokines

Anatomy and Physiology 2 unit 2 (3 decks)

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