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Anatomy and Physiology 2 unit 2 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels

A

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

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2
Q

What makes up the tunica intima

A

simple squamous

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3
Q

What. makes up the tunica media

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

What makes up the tunica externa

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the vasa vasorum

A

microvasculature that plays a role in vessel wall biology and pathology

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6
Q

Where are elastic arteries located

A

nearest to the heart

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7
Q

What are elastic arteries made of

A

much more elastic tissue in the tunica media

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8
Q

What are conducting arteries

A

an artery with many collagen elastin filaments in tunica media allowing it to stretch with each pulse

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9
Q

What arteries make up the most of the named arteries

A

distributing arteries

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10
Q

How are distributing arteries unique

A

contain more smooth muscle cells in tunica media layer than elastic arteries

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11
Q

What are resistance arteries

A

small diameter blood vessel in microcirculation that contributes to the creating of resistance to flow

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12
Q

What layers are in capillaries structure

A

endothelial cells, epithelial cells

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13
Q

What do pericytes do

A

maintain blood brain barrier, blood vessel formation, regulate immune cell entry to CNS

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14
Q

What tissues have no capillaries

A

epidermis, lens and cornea

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15
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located

A

kidneys small intestine endocrine glands

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16
Q

Fenestrated capillaries do what

A

active filtration, absorption, hormone secretion

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17
Q

Why do sinusoidal capillaries have sluggish blood flow

A

allows time for modification of large molecules and blood cells that pass between blood and tissue

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18
Q

Why are there macrophages in the sinusoidal capillaries

A

innate and adaptive immunity

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19
Q

What is the precapillary sphincter

A

controls blood flow to capillary beds

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20
Q

What are venules

A

very small veins

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21
Q

What are varicose veins

A

twisted enlarged veins

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22
Q

What are venous sinuses

A

group of sinuses that drain venous blood flow from cranial cavity

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23
Q

What are vascular anastomoses

A

surgical procedure that is used to connect vessels to each other

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24
Q

What is blood flow

A

flow of blood in circulatory system

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25
Q

What is systemic arterial blood pressure

A

force when left ventricle contracts

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26
Q

What are the three factors in blood resistance

A

blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter

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27
Q

What is laminar flow

A

smooth and streamlined

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28
Q

What is turbulent flow

A

are irregular and chaotic

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29
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

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30
Q

What are factors of arterial blood pressure

A

age gender body weight activity level stress alcohol intake

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31
Q

What is Systolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries when your heart beats

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32
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries when heart rests between beats

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33
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

the top number minus the bottom

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34
Q

What are the vital signs

A

body temp, pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure

35
Q

What are the sounds in blood pressure called

A

korotkoff

36
Q

Why is capillary blood pressure so low

A

ensure blood and oxygen can diffuse into tissues

37
Q

What is the Muscular pump

A

collection of skeletal muscles that help veins return blood flow

38
Q

What is the Respiration pump

A

pressure changes during breathing help veins bring blood back

39
Q

What causes sympathetic venoconstriction

A

increase in venous return

40
Q

What is MAP maintained by

A

renal system

41
Q

What happens to the baroreceptor reflexes when MAP is high

A

dilate vessels

42
Q

What is vasodilation

A

widening of blood vessels as a result of relaxation of the blood vessels muscular walls

43
Q

What is arteriolar vasodilation

A

dilation of arteries

44
Q

What is venodilation

A

dilation of veins

45
Q

what is decreased cardiac output

A

inhibit sympathetic activity and stimulate parasympathetic

46
Q

What is the role of vagus nerve in heart rate

A

decrease heart rate

47
Q

what happens if MAP is low

A

reflex vasoconstriction is initiated that increases CO and BP

48
Q

the Aortic arch and large arteries of the neck can detect changes in what

A

blood pressure

49
Q

Where are reflexes that regulate blood pressure found

A

adrenal medulla controlled by hypothalamus

50
Q

What do adrenal medulla hormones do to BP

A

increase vasoconstriction increasing BP

51
Q

What is the effect of Angiotensin 2 on blood pressure

A

causes the muscular walls of small arteries to constrict and increase BP

52
Q

What does ADH do to blood pressure

A

increases

53
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide do the blood pressure

A

decreases BP

54
Q

What is direct renal regulation

A

when BP high kidneys excrete more when BP low kidneys excrete less

55
Q

What is indirect renal regulation

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

56
Q

Aldosterone cause what

A

increase in BP

57
Q

What are ACE inhibitors and who takes them

A

medications that relaxes veins and arteries used by people with high BP

58
Q

What are the risks for primary hypertension

A

diabetes unhealthy diet obesity and alcohol consumption

59
Q

What is secondary hypertension caused by

A

coarctation of the aorta, sleep apnea, obesity, pregnancy and medications

60
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension

A

low BP when standing after sitting or lying down

61
Q

What is chronic hypotensions

A

life-long hypotension

62
Q

What is acute hypotension

A

a sudden drop in blood pressure

63
Q

What causes hypovolemic shock

A

severe blood or other fluid loss

64
Q

What causes vascular shock

A

when blood vessels dilate to much

65
Q

What causes cardiogenic shock

A

usually a heart attack

66
Q

How is blood flow to each organ controlled

A

perfusion pressure and vasomotor tone

67
Q

what is Vasomotion

A

spontaneous oscillation in tone of blood vessel walls independent of heartbeat

68
Q

What is edema

A

swelling caused by too much fluid trapped in body tissues

69
Q

What are the reflex factors in blood pressure

A

medulla cardiovascular centers, barorecptors, chemoreceptors, higher brain centers

70
Q

Where are baroreceptors and why are they there?

A

aorta and carotid sinus because it is close to the brain and coming right off of the heart

71
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure have to do with capillary beds

A

pushes fluid out on arterial end

72
Q

What does osmotic pressure have to do with capillary beds

A

brings fluid back in on venous end

73
Q

what is Colloid osmotic pressure

A

presence of non-diffusible molecules in fluid such as proteins

74
Q

what is Capillary colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure from large molecules to bring fluid back into capillary on venous end

75
Q

what is net filtration pressure

A

total pressure that promotes filtration

76
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

A

35 mmHg

77
Q

what happens to the osmotic pressure as it moves along the capillary

A

it decreases making water move back in

78
Q

What is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

A

interstitial pressure that increases as fluid leaves capillaries and enters tissues

79
Q

What are lymphatics

A

tubes that drain fluid into lymph nodes

80
Q

What is the importance of lymphatics

A

manage body fluid levels in balance and defend against infection

81
Q

What causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure in capillaries

A

more fluid loss from blood/ increase in BP

82
Q

What can cause and increase in interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

A

an inflammatory response

83
Q

What can cause a decrease in capillary colloid osmotic pressure

A

improper plasma proteins causes fluid to pool in tissues

Anatomy and Physiology 2 unit 2 (3 decks)

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