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Pathophysiology > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Specialized connective tissue

Consists of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes) suspended in extracellular fluid (plasma)

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2
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs, Bottom layer of tube

Large surface area, high elasticity

Carry oxygen to the body’s tissues with the assistance of hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide transport for excretion
Regulate acid-base balance

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3
Q

Leukocytes

A

Formed element, WBCs, Buffy coat in lab sample

Larger than RBCs (1 percent of total volume of blood)

Originate in bone marrow and circulate in lymphoid tissue

Assist in defense against disease:
1- Immune response that protects against disease- causing microorganisms
2- Identify and destroy cancer cells
3- Participate in inflammatory response/ wound healing

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4
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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5
Q

Plasma

A

90-91 percent water, 6-8 percent proteins, 2 percent other small molecular substances

Transport vehicle for nutrients, chemical messengers, metabolites, and other materials

Electrolyte and acid balance

Plasma proteins contribute to osmotic regulation of body fluids
- 1 percent are hormones, enzymes, complement, carriers for lipids

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6
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Solutes in plasma, most commonly produced by the liver

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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7
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein

Remains in circulation where it participates in plasma osmotic pressure and maintenance of blood volume; carrier for substances, blood buffer

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8
Q

Globulins

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

All antibodies of the immune system

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

7 percent of plasma proteins

Soluble protein that forms insoluble fibrin during blood clotting

Clotting factors and fibrinogen make it characteristic plasma and without would merely be serum

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10
Q

Formed elements

A

RBCs
WBCs
Thrombocytes

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11
Q

Where do formed elements originate?

A

Bone marrow

Since most blood cells don’t divide, division of cells in bone marrow must continually renew them

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12
Q

Two groups of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
A granulocytes

Classified based on the presence or absence of specific cytoplasmic granulated

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13
Q

Granulocytes

A

WBCs that visible contain granules, phagocyte

Granules contain chemicals and enzymes that break down engulfed microbes

Three types: neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes)

A

Lack specific granules

Fine granules and single-lobed nucleus

Eg: lymphocytes, monocytes

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte, majority of total WBC

Maintain normal host defenses against invading bacteria and fungi, foreign substances

Bone marrow will release large number in response to an acute systemic bacterial infection

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16
Q

Band cells

A

Immature neutrophils

Released as stores of mature neutrophils are depleted

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17
Q

Eosinophil

A

Bi-lobed nuclei; Reid’s within tissues; 1-3 percent of total WBCs

Defense roles in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, chronic immune responses associated with conditions (eg: asthma)

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18
Q

Action of eosinophils in response to allergies

A

They will release enzymes (eg: histaminase) that will inactive histamine and other inflammatory substance

Decrease severity of inflammatory reactions

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19
Q

Basophis

A

Least numerous WBC; granulocyte

Granules contain heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (vasodilator), other inflammatory mediators (bradykinin, LK)

Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions

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20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20-30 percent of WBCs; main functional cells of immune system

Move between lymph tissue and blood (can be stored for a long time)

Defend against microorganism through the immune response (in lymph and spleen)

Types: B cells, T cells, NK cells

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21
Q

B cells

A

B-lymphocytes; 10 percent of lymphocytes

Form antibody-producing plasma cells that work in humoral-mediated immunity

22
Q

T cells

A

T-lymphocytes, differential in thymus; 80 percent of lymphocytes

Activate other cell of the immune system (eg: helper T cells)
Involved in cell-mediated immunity (eg: cytoxic T cells)

23
Q

NK Cells

A

Natural Killer cells; innate or natural immunity; 10 percent of lymphocytes

Function to destroy foreign cells

24
Q

Major histocompatibility antigens

A

Human leukocyte antigens

Expressed on lymphocytes, being responsible for parts of human immunologic response

25
Monocytes
Largest WBC; lots of cytoplasm and dark nucleus Circulate for 1-3 days and survive up to years in tissues Produced by bone marrow Transform into macrophages when move into tissues Important in host defense; can engulf foreign material (more than neutrophils can) or can convert into antigen-present cells under appropriate conditions Important roles in chronic inflammation
26
Macrophage types
Histocytes: if present in loose connectiv tissues Microglial: present in brain Kupffer cells: present in liver Others that are present in alveoli, lymph nodes, other tissues
27
Macrophage function
Important in host defense; can engulf foreign material (more than neutrophils can) or can convert into antigen-present cells under appropriate conditions Important roles in chronic inflammation
28
APC
Antigen-presenting cell Involved in immune response by activating lymphocytes and by presenting antigen to T cells
29
Thrombocytes
Platelets; circulating cell fragments of large megakaroytes derived from myeloid stem cells Contribute to formation of platelet plug that help with bleeding control following injury to a vessel wall Cytoplasmic granules release mediators required for blood coagulation
30
Hematopoiesis
Formation of blood cells; occurs at bone marrow (primarily in distal long bones of kids or flat bones in axial skeleton of adults)
31
Medullary Hematopoiesis
Blood cell production that occurs within bone marrow
32
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Blood cell production that occurs in places other than within the bone marrow (eg: liver and spleen) Can compensate if bone marrow is incapable of keeping up with demand
33
Three cell types in blood-forming population of bone marrow
Self-renewing stamp cells Differentiated progenitor (parent) cells Functional mature blood cells
34
Pluripotent stem cells
Where all blood cells are derived from Capable of producing several types of cellls
35
What leads to the development of unipotential cells?
Differential of pluripotent stem cells These can act as progenitor for each of the blood cells types (can be referred to as colony-forming units or CFUs)
36
CFU capacity for self-renewal
Very limited, but have potential to differentiate into lineage-specific precursors cells that can form into mature lymphocytes, myelocytes, megakaryotcyes, erythrocytes
37
what regulated blood cells?
Cytokines or other hormone-like growth factors Stimulate proliferation, differential, functional activation of many blood cell types
38
Consequences of insufficient proliferation of stem cell populations
Failure to produce one or several cell types
39
Aplastic anemia
Developers when multi-potent stem cells fail to grow and provide cells for differentiation
40
Pancytopenia
Reduction of the number of all blood cell types Individual have concomitant anemia (low RBC levels), thrombocytopenia (low thrombocytes levels) and graunolcytopenia (low granulocyte levels)
41
Myeloproliferative disease
Excessive amount of cells in bone marrow | Elevated blood cell counts due to unregulated overproduction of red cell mass, etc (termed polycythemia)
42
Thrombocytes is
Occurs when bone marrow produces too many thrombocytes
43
Leukemia’s
Spectrum of disease characterized by an abnormal proliferation of WBCs
44
Where can stem cells be sourced from?
bone marrow and umbilical cord
45
How can blood specimens be obtained?
Skin puncture (capillary blood) Vein puncture Arterial puncture Bone marrow aspiration
46
CBC
Complete blood count RBC, WBC, thrombocytes levels per unit of blood Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): size Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): shape Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): color Help determine what type of anemia a person has
47
In what conditions are granulocyte usually increased in blood counts?
Acute bacterial infection
48
In what condition do we see an elevation in ban neutrophil cells in the blood work?
Large and systemic infections
49
ESR
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate Detects inflammation; distance in mm that a reed cell column travels in 1 hour Normal values: 0-15 mm/ hour (male) and 1- 20 mm/hour (women)
50
Bone marrow aspiration
Needle insertion into bone marrow cavity Sample of bone marrow withdrawn around iliac crest Helps with determination of erythroid to myeloid cell count (normal range 1:3) and evaluation of iron stores
51
Bone marrow biopsy
Biopsy needle inserted into iliac crest and a sample of bone marrow is removed Study of the architecture of tissue (marrow to fat ratio, present of fibrosis, plasma cells, granulomas, cancer cells) Risks: slight risk of hemorrhage often in lose with reduced platelet count or any type of bleeding tendency

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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