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Pathophysiology > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Specialized connective tissue

Consists of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes) suspended in extracellular fluid (plasma)

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2
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs, Bottom layer of tube

Large surface area, high elasticity

Carry oxygen to the body’s tissues with the assistance of hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide transport for excretion
Regulate acid-base balance

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3
Q

Leukocytes

A

Formed element, WBCs, Buffy coat in lab sample

Larger than RBCs (1 percent of total volume of blood)

Originate in bone marrow and circulate in lymphoid tissue

Assist in defense against disease:
1- Immune response that protects against disease- causing microorganisms
2- Identify and destroy cancer cells
3- Participate in inflammatory response/ wound healing

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4
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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5
Q

Plasma

A

90-91 percent water, 6-8 percent proteins, 2 percent other small molecular substances

Transport vehicle for nutrients, chemical messengers, metabolites, and other materials

Electrolyte and acid balance

Plasma proteins contribute to osmotic regulation of body fluids
- 1 percent are hormones, enzymes, complement, carriers for lipids

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6
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Solutes in plasma, most commonly produced by the liver

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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7
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein

Remains in circulation where it participates in plasma osmotic pressure and maintenance of blood volume; carrier for substances, blood buffer

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8
Q

Globulins

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

All antibodies of the immune system

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

7 percent of plasma proteins

Soluble protein that forms insoluble fibrin during blood clotting

Clotting factors and fibrinogen make it characteristic plasma and without would merely be serum

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10
Q

Formed elements

A

RBCs
WBCs
Thrombocytes

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11
Q

Where do formed elements originate?

A

Bone marrow

Since most blood cells don’t divide, division of cells in bone marrow must continually renew them

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12
Q

Two groups of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
A granulocytes

Classified based on the presence or absence of specific cytoplasmic granulated

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13
Q

Granulocytes

A

WBCs that visible contain granules, phagocyte

Granules contain chemicals and enzymes that break down engulfed microbes

Three types: neutrophil, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes)

A

Lack specific granules

Fine granules and single-lobed nucleus

Eg: lymphocytes, monocytes

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte, majority of total WBC

Maintain normal host defenses against invading bacteria and fungi, foreign substances

Bone marrow will release large number in response to an acute systemic bacterial infection

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16
Q

Band cells

A

Immature neutrophils

Released as stores of mature neutrophils are depleted

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17
Q

Eosinophil

A

Bi-lobed nuclei; Reid’s within tissues; 1-3 percent of total WBCs

Defense roles in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, chronic immune responses associated with conditions (eg: asthma)

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18
Q

Action of eosinophils in response to allergies

A

They will release enzymes (eg: histaminase) that will inactive histamine and other inflammatory substance

Decrease severity of inflammatory reactions

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19
Q

Basophis

A

Least numerous WBC; granulocyte

Granules contain heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (vasodilator), other inflammatory mediators (bradykinin, LK)

Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions

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20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20-30 percent of WBCs; main functional cells of immune system

Move between lymph tissue and blood (can be stored for a long time)

Defend against microorganism through the immune response (in lymph and spleen)

Types: B cells, T cells, NK cells

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21
Q

B cells

A

B-lymphocytes; 10 percent of lymphocytes

Form antibody-producing plasma cells that work in humoral-mediated immunity

22
Q

T cells

A

T-lymphocytes, differential in thymus; 80 percent of lymphocytes

Activate other cell of the immune system (eg: helper T cells)
Involved in cell-mediated immunity (eg: cytoxic T cells)

23
Q

NK Cells

A

Natural Killer cells; innate or natural immunity; 10 percent of lymphocytes

Function to destroy foreign cells

24
Q

Major histocompatibility antigens

A

Human leukocyte antigens

Expressed on lymphocytes, being responsible for parts of human immunologic response

25
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest WBC; lots of cytoplasm and dark nucleus
Circulate for 1-3 days and survive up to years in tissues
Produced by bone marrow
Transform into macrophages when move into tissues

Important in host defense; can engulf foreign material (more than neutrophils can) or can convert into antigen-present cells under appropriate conditions

Important roles in chronic inflammation

26
Q

Macrophage types

A

Histocytes: if present in loose connectiv tissues

Microglial: present in brain

Kupffer cells: present in liver

Others that are present in alveoli, lymph nodes, other tissues

27
Q

Macrophage function

A

Important in host defense; can engulf foreign material (more than neutrophils can) or can convert into antigen-present cells under appropriate conditions

Important roles in chronic inflammation

28
Q

APC

A

Antigen-presenting cell

Involved in immune response by activating lymphocytes and by presenting antigen to T cells

29
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets; circulating cell fragments of large megakaroytes derived from myeloid stem cells

Contribute to formation of platelet plug that help with bleeding control following injury to a vessel wall

Cytoplasmic granules release mediators required for blood coagulation

30
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells; occurs at bone marrow (primarily in distal long bones of kids or flat bones in axial skeleton of adults)

31
Q

Medullary Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell production that occurs within bone marrow

32
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell production that occurs in places other than within the bone marrow (eg: liver and spleen)

Can compensate if bone marrow is incapable of keeping up with demand

33
Q

Three cell types in blood-forming population of bone marrow

A

Self-renewing stamp cells
Differentiated progenitor (parent) cells
Functional mature blood cells

34
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Where all blood cells are derived from

Capable of producing several types of cellls

35
Q

What leads to the development of unipotential cells?

A

Differential of pluripotent stem cells

These can act as progenitor for each of the blood cells types (can be referred to as colony-forming units or CFUs)

36
Q

CFU capacity for self-renewal

A

Very limited, but have potential to differentiate into lineage-specific precursors cells that can form into mature lymphocytes, myelocytes, megakaryotcyes, erythrocytes

37
Q

what regulated blood cells?

A

Cytokines or other hormone-like growth factors

Stimulate proliferation, differential, functional activation of many blood cell types

38
Q

Consequences of insufficient proliferation of stem cell populations

A

Failure to produce one or several cell types

39
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Developers when multi-potent stem cells fail to grow and provide cells for differentiation

40
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Reduction of the number of all blood cell types

Individual have concomitant anemia (low RBC levels), thrombocytopenia (low thrombocytes levels) and graunolcytopenia (low granulocyte levels)

41
Q

Myeloproliferative disease

A

Excessive amount of cells in bone marrow

Elevated blood cell counts due to unregulated overproduction of red cell mass, etc (termed polycythemia)

42
Q

Thrombocytes is

A

Occurs when bone marrow produces too many thrombocytes

43
Q

Leukemia’s

A

Spectrum of disease characterized by an abnormal proliferation of WBCs

44
Q

Where can stem cells be sourced from?

A

bone marrow and umbilical cord

45
Q

How can blood specimens be obtained?

A

Skin puncture (capillary blood)
Vein puncture
Arterial puncture
Bone marrow aspiration

46
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count
RBC, WBC, thrombocytes levels per unit of blood
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): size
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): shape
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): color

Help determine what type of anemia a person has

47
Q

In what conditions are granulocyte usually increased in blood counts?

A

Acute bacterial infection

48
Q

In what condition do we see an elevation in ban neutrophil cells in the blood work?

A

Large and systemic infections

49
Q

ESR

A

Erythrocytes sedimentation rate

Detects inflammation; distance in mm that a reed cell column travels in 1 hour

Normal values: 0-15 mm/ hour (male) and 1- 20 mm/hour (women)

50
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

Needle insertion into bone marrow cavity

Sample of bone marrow withdrawn around iliac crest

Helps with determination of erythroid to myeloid cell count (normal range 1:3) and evaluation of iron stores

51
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A

Biopsy needle inserted into iliac crest and a sample of bone marrow is removed

Study of the architecture of tissue (marrow to fat ratio, present of fibrosis, plasma cells, granulomas, cancer cells)

Risks: slight risk of hemorrhage often in lose with reduced platelet count or any type of bleeding tendency

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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